Little-Known Portions of
Nova Scotia History


These are facts, historical facts.
Not schoolbook history, not Mr. Wells's history,
but history nevertheless.

— Casper Gutman, in Dashiell Hammett's
The Maltese Falcon



    Special Topics:
        (These 32 links work properly after this page has downloaded completely.) The complete text of the Peace Treaty signed 3 September 1783, also known as The Paris Peace Treaty, which ended the United States War for Independence. Includes a surveyor's description of the westernmost boundaries of Nova Scotia in 1783 (very different from the modern boundary).
    http://www.freedomshrine.com/documents/paris.html

Timeline of the Seven Years War 1754-1763
 The period 2004-2013 is the 250th anniversary of the 
Seven Years War, a.k.a. the French and Indian War.
Includes important events in Nova Scotia.
http://ns1763.ca/remem/7yw-timeline-w.html




Nova Scotia: Title of 1747 map of Nova Scotia

David Rumsey's Online Collection of Old Maps Gorgeous digitized copies of many old maps, including Emanuel Bowen's 1747 A New and Accurate Map of the Islands of Newfoundland, Cape Briton, St. John and Anticosta, together with the Neighbouring Countries of Nova Scotia, Canada, etc. Drawn from the most approved Modern Maps and Charts and Regulated by Astronomical Observations. (title above)
    http://www.davidrumsey.com/

On 29 November 1798, the legislature of St. John Island
voted to change the colony's name to Prince Edward Island.
The name change went into effect on 1 January 1800.
The stated reason for the change was the excessive
confusion caused by having three population centers
on British North America's Atlantic coast all named
for Saint John: the island colony and two cities
(not to mention the Saint John River valley).




Nova Scotia: 1853 telegraph map title

Library of Congress Map Collections — Transportation and Communication
1853 Telegraph stations in the United States, the Canadas & Nova Scotia (title above)
    http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/trnshome.html



Nova Scotia: Title of 1776 map of Nova Scotia

David Rumsey's Online Collection of Old Maps
Thomas Jefferys' 1776 A New Map of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Island, with the adjacent parts of New England and Canada, Composed from a great number of actual Surveys; and other materials Regulated by many new Astronomical Observations of the Longitude as well as Latitude; by Thomas Jefferys, Geographer to the King. (title above)
    http://www.davidrumsey.com/

Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library
University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia

1733 Map of North America, by Delisle
    http://www.libs.uga.edu/darchive/hargrett/maps/1733d4.jpg

1733 Map of the British Empire in America, by Popple
    http://www.libs.uga.edu/darchive/hargrett/maps/1733ap6a.jpg

1740 Map of Great Britain's Colonies in North America
    http://www.libs.uga.edu/darchive/hargrett/maps/1740h6.jpg

1756 Map of North America, by d'Anville
    http://www.libs.uga.edu/darchive/hargrett/maps/1756a5.jpg

1774 Map of North America, as Divided Among the European Powers, by Dunn
    http://www.libs.uga.edu/darchive/hargrett/maps/1774d82.jpg

1778 Map of Nova Scotia, by Antonio Zatta
    http://www.birthplaceofhockey.com/birthplace/maps/ns-zatta-1778-ns.html



John Mitchell's Map, 1755

The most important map in North American history

Nova Scotia: Title of 1755 map the British and French dominions in North America

A map of the British and French dominions in North America, with the roads, distances, limits, and extent of the settlements, humbly inscribed to the Right Honourable the Earl of Halifax, and the other Right Honourable the Lords Commissioners for Trade & Plantations, by their Lordships most obliged and very humble servant, Jno. Mitchell. Tho: Kitchin, sculp.
by John Mitchell, 1755
Mitchell dedicated his map to George Montague Dunk, second earl of Halifax, president of the Board of Trade and Plantations (Colonies) between 1748 and 1761.
Source:   Geography and Map Division of the U.S. Library of Congress
    http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/gmdhome.html

Also see: Osher Map Library and Smith Center for Cartographic Education
University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine
A full-screen view of the entire Mitchell map (fourth edition, 1775)
    http://www.usm.maine.edu/~maps/mitchell/full1.jpeg
A view of the title block of the fourth edition Mitchell map, 1775
    http://www.usm.maine.edu/~maps/mitchell/sh8.jpeg
(The title of the fourth edition was re-engraved to alter the line reading British and French Dominions to read just British Colonies. The new title was thus, A Map of the British Colonies in North America... The name change is a recognition that in 1775 France no longer had a colonial presence in North America, other than St. Pierre and Miquelon, and so reflects the British defeat of the French and the annexation of Quebec.)

John Mitchell's Map by the University of Southern Maine
    http://www.usm.maine.edu/~maps/mitchell/toc.html
John Mitchell's Map – Introduction and Overview
    http://www.usm.maine.edu/~maps/mitchell/intro.html
The Mitchell Map has been described, and rightly so, as the most important map in North American history. The most comprehensive map of North America produced during the Colonial Era, it represented the various territorial claims made by not only the competing British and French empires but also by the various British colonies. It has accordingly served, as recently as 1932, in legal disputes between eastern states. More importantly, it was the map on which the boundaries of the new United States were defined by American and British negotiators in Paris in 1782-83; in that capacity, it has continued to be of importance right up to the 1980s US-Canadian dispute over the Gulf of Maine fisheries...


Excellent map of Halifax, 1894 University of Texas at Austin, Texas
    http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/halifax_1894.jpg



1896 map of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and P.E.Island from Rand, McNally & Co.'s Universal Atlas of The World, 1896 edition
    http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/nova_scotia_1896.jpg

Map of British Colonies in North America, 1763-1775
    http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/british_colonies_1763-76.jpg

Teaching and Learning about Canadian History Manley Bennett's fantabulous website
    http://www.canadainfolink.ca/teach.htm

Early History of the Internet in Nova Scotia
1996 Mar: Membership List, Nova Scotia Federation of Community Networks
    http://web.archive.org/web/20010228043920/http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/
          NSFCN/members.html
1996 Oct: Cape Breton Community Network (CBNET) Home Page
    http://web.archive.org/web/19961031021927/highlander.cbnet.ns.ca/cbnet/
          mainmenu.html
1997 Apr: Cape Breton Community Network (CBNET) Price List
    http://web.archive.org/web/20010716225820/highlander.cbnet.ns.ca/cbnet/
          mainlinks/dialup/dialcost.html
1996 Dec: NSTN Home Page Plus Customers Nova Scotia Technology Network
    http://web.archive.org/web/19961222144253/http://fox.nstn.ca/
1998 Feb: NSTN Home Page Plus Customers
    http://web.archive.org/web/19980207192435/http://fox.nstn.ca/
1997 Dec: Chebucto Community Net Home Page
    http://web.archive.org/web/19971210185119/http://www.cfn.cs.dal.ca/


Note: The historic webpages listed above are archived copies,
but those below are the original webpages, not archived copies.

1996 Dec: Creating and Activating Your Own Home Page by Glooscap Online

(Accessed on 8 August 2007)

    http://www.go.ednet.ns.ca/nettools/userhelp/createpg.html

This webpage was "last modified on December 9, 1996" (more than ten years ago).


1996 Dec: Science and Technology by Glooscap Online

(Accessed on 8 August 2007)

    http://www.go.ednet.ns.ca/science.html

This webpage was "last modified on December 10, 1996" (more than ten years ago).


John Alexander Douglas McCurdy (1886-1961) McCurdy piloted the Silver Dart on Canada's historic first flight, 23 February 1909, at Baddeck.
    http://www.exn.ca/FlightDeck/Aviators/mccurdy.cfm
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this document:
John Alexander Douglas McCurdy (1886-1961)

Archived: 1998 December 2
http://web.archive.org/web/19981202171437/http://exn.ca/Mini/Flightdeck/Aviators/mccurdy.cfm
Archived: 1999 April 30
http://web.archive.org/web/19990430035437/http://exn.ca/Mini/Flightdeck/Aviators/mccurdy.cfm
Archived: 2000 January 8
http://web.archive.org/web/20000108090025/http://exn.ca/FlightDeck/Aviators/mccurdy.cfm
Archived: 2001 June 10
http://web.archive.org/web/20010610050020/http://exn.ca/Mini/Flightdeck/Aviators/mccurdy.cfm
Archived: 2002 February 2
http://web.archive.org/web/20020202040943/http://www.exn.ca/FlightDeck/Aviators/mccurdy.cfm
Archived: 2003 January 12
http://web.archive.org/web/20030112185503/http://exn.ca/Mini/Flightdeck/Aviators/mccurdy.cfm
Historic plaque: J.A.D. McCurdy Baddeck
    http://ns1763.ca/victco/bellmusbbm.html

Albro Lake Naval Radio Station Set up under a veil of secrecy during the height of the North Atlantic U-boat threat, this small village near Halifax became the home of a valuable weapon during the Battle of the Atlantic. Despite a price tag of more than $6 million, an exorbitant expense in those days, the facility more than paid for itself in Allied shipping saved. Its signal could be heard and read from Murmansk to the Falklands and half way around the world...
    http://webhome.idirect.com/~jproc/rrp/albro_lake.html

S.G. Roscoe
Radio at Sea by S. G. Roscoe, Halifax
    http://www.coastalradio.greater-peterborough.com/spudstory.htm
This is a first-rate history of communications at sea, written by the radio operator of the H.M.S. Bounty. Includes a lot of information about the history of communications in and around Nova Scotia.

The National Post interviews Spud Roscoe 2 February 1999, on the occasion of the official end of the use of the Morse Code for communication with ships.
    http://alts.net/ns1625/morse01.html

George Rose's extensive collection of Nova Scotia history and genealogy links
    http://users.eastlink.ca/~grose/islelink.html

Photographs of War Memorials, Historic Monuments and Plaques in Nova Scotia
    http://ns1763.ca/remem/plaques.html

Nova Scotia Forts by Pete Payette
Fort Anne, Fort St. Anne, Fort Belcher, Fort Mohawk, Fort Edward, Fort Grunt, and many more...
    http://www.geocities.com/naforts/ns.html

History of Nova Scotia, Book One (1604-1763) by Peter Landry
    http://www.blupete.com/hist/NovaScotiaBk1/TOC.htm
      History of Nova Scotia, Book Two (1763-1826) by Peter Landry
    http://www.blupete.com/hist/NovaScotiaBk2/TOC.htm

The Fourteenth Colony A history of Nova Scotia from a United States point of view
    http://www.homeschoolzone.com/unit-study/lessons/14th-colony.htm

Parliamentary Government, by Eugene A. Forsey Nova Scotia (which, till 1784, included what is now New Brunswick) was the first part of Canada to secure representative government. In 1758, it was given an assembly, elected by the people... Nova Scotia was also the first part of Canada to win responsible government (government by a cabinet answerable to, and removable by, a majority of the assembly) in January 1848...
    http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/library/idb/forsey/parlgov-e.htm

Lieutenant Governors of Nova Scotia since 1753
    http://lt.gov.ns.ca/inner/frames/honourable/content/pastlgs.html

Governors of Cape Breton Island, 1784-1820 Cape Breton Island became a separate colony on 26 August 1784 and was reincorporated into Nova Scotia on 9 October 1820.
    http://www.enpmusic.com/craig/canada/provinces&territories/NS_lieutenant_gov.html
Lieutenant Governors of Nova Scotia, 1753-2002
    http://www.enpmusic.com/craig/canada/provinces&territories/NS_lieutenant_gov.html

Premiers of Nova Scotia, 1848 - 2003 The best NS Premiers site I know of.
    http://www.canadainfolink.ca/premiers.htm

Biographies of Premiers:
Joseph Howe 1860-1863
Charles Tupper 1864-1867
William Annand 1867-1875
Philip Carteret Hill 1875-1878
John Sparrow David Thompson May - July, 1882
William Thomas Pipes 1882-1884
William Stevens Fielding 1884-1896
George Henry Murray 1896-1923
Ernest Howard Armstrong 1923-1925
Angus Lewis Macdonald 1933-1940
Alexander Sterling MacMillan 1940-1945
Angus Lewis Macdonald 1945-1954
Harold Joseph Connolly April-September, 1954
Henry Davies Hicks 1954-1956
Gerald Augustine Regan 1970-1978
John Patrick Savage 1993-1997

Thomas Temple (1614-1674) Correspondence concerning Nova Scotia
Houghton Library, Harvard College Library, Cambridge, Massachusetts
    http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~hou01268

Thomas Temple (1614-1674) Wikipedia
Sir Thomas Temple Dictionary of Canadian Biography
On 12 September 1657 an agreement was made between Thomas Temple and Col. William Crowne for a division of their property.  Temple's share extended from what is now Lunenburg in Nova Scotia to the River St. George in Maine, including the whole coast of the Bay of Fundy on both sides and a hundred leagues inland...


History of the Nova Scotia Courts
    http://www.courts.ns.ca/General/history.htm

An Unshackled Internet: If Joe Howe Were Designing Cyberspace by Parker Barss Donham
Delivered to The Symposium on Free Speech and Privacy in the Information Age at the University of Waterloo, 26 November 1994
    Source:–   http://www.efc.ca/pages/donham2.html
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of:
An Unshackled Internet: If Joe Howe Were Designing Cyberspace
by Parker Barss Donham

Archived: 1999 May 05
http://web.archive.org/web/19990505231730/http://www.efc.ca/pages/donham2.html
Archived: 2000 August 15
http://web.archive.org/web/20000815213151/http://www.efc.ca/pages/donham2.html
Archived: 2001 April 30
http://web.archive.org/web/20010430153010/http://www.efc.ca/pages/donham2.html
Archived: 2002 June 23
http://web.archive.org/web/20020623060158/http://www.efc.ca/pages/donham2.html
Archived: 2003 April 18
http://web.archive.org/web/20030418091717/http://www.efc.ca/pages/donham2.html
Archived: 2004 October 09
http://web.archive.org/web/20041009195418/http://www.efc.ca/pages/donham2.html
Archived: 2005 June 17
http://web.archive.org/web/20050617084412/http://www.efc.ca/pages/donham2.html


Nova Scotia: The Bluenose fifty-cent 1929 stamp
The 1929 Bluenose stamp is the most famous
of Canadian stamps, recognized around the world.
Source: National Archives of Canada
    http://www.archives.ca/02/02012003/0201200308_e.html

Nova Scotia Stamps

Nova Scotia stamps and postal history by Frederick R. Mayer Foundation
    http://www.frmfoundation.org/NovaScotia/default.asp

Pre-adhesive (before 1851)
    http://www.frmfoundation.org/NovaScotia/period1/default.asp

1851-1857 stamps
    http://www.frmfoundation.org/NovaScotia/period2/default.asp

1860-1863 stamps
    http://www.frmfoundation.org/NovaScotia/period3/default.asp

Earliest known letter from Nova Scotia bearing a postmark
October 1767, Lunenburg to London
    http://www.frmfoundation.org/NovaScotia/period1/images/ns0102.pdf

1851 Nova Scotia 3-penny blue postage stamp
1851 Nova Scotia 3-penny blue


1851 Nova Scotia 1-shilling purple postage stamp
1851 Nova Scotia 1-shilling purple


Nova Scotia 1-cent brown postage stamp, issued 1860
Nova Scotia 1-cent postage stamp, first issued 1860, 21×27mm


Nova Scotia 5-cent blue postage stamp, issued 1860
Nova Scotia 5-cent postage stamp, first issued 1860, 21×27mm
cancelled at Halifax, 3 September 1867


Nova Scotia 8½-cent green postage stamp, issued 1860
Nova Scotia 8½-cent postage stamp, first issued 1860, 21×27mm
imperfect vertical perforation


Before 1860, Nova Scotia postage stamps were denominated in pence.
The stamps shown above were part of the first issue
of Nova Scotia stamps denominated in cents.


Canadian Postal Rates 1943-2004
    http://www.adminware.ca/checklist/chk_rate.htm

Stamp collectors are licking their lips over an upside-down Canadian stamp.  About 70 of the $2 stamps were printed in error in 1994, with the Provincial Normal School in Truro, Nova Scotia shown upside down.  The lettering and dollar figures are correct... The stamps made the cover story of the current issue of Canadian Stamp News.
[The Globe and Mail 4 May 1996]
$2 Truro Provincial Normal School Inverted Inscriptions
In April of 1996, the discovery of the $2.00 Truro Provincial Normal School definitive issue with Inverted Inscriptions was announced and two of the four panes discovered were exhibited at the Capex'96 International Philatelic Exhibition in Toronto in June of that year.




1832 Nova Scotia one-penny token, obverse
1832 Nova Scotia one-penny token, obverse (above)   reverse (below)
1832 Nova Scotia one-penny token, reverse
diameter: 3.3 cm


Bridges, Boats, Breweries & Buildings — Journal of the Voyages and Travels of John Henry Robinson Molson, 1841 (book)
On these pages you will find the world of fourteen year old John Henry Robinson Molson in 1841. Before he inherited the Molson Brewery in Montreal he took a trip to Nova Scotia, Great Britain and the United States...
    http://www.magma.ca/~hilbert/
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this document:
On His Way in the World:
The Voyages and Travels of John H.R. Molson, 1841
Edited by Karen Molson and Hilbert Buist

Before John Henry Robinson Molson inherited the Molson Brewery
in Montreal he took a trip to Nova Scotia, Great Britain
and the United States...


Hilbert Buist webpage 1: Bon Voyage
It was the spring of 1841 ... The four month trip would
include Nova Scotia, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Vermont...

PAGE 1: Archived 2001 May 20
http://web.archive.org/web/20010520165049/http://www.magma.ca/~hilbert/pages/page1.html
PAGE 1: Archived 2001 August 10
http://web.archive.org/web/20010810072257/http://www.magma.ca/~hilbert/pages/page1.html
PAGE 1: Archived 2002 June 4
http://web.archive.org/web/20020604132437/http://www.magma.ca/~hilbert/pages/page1.html




Hilbert Buist webpage 2: Delay in Halifax
The Molsons left Quebec in the Cunard Steam Ship Unicorn, which
took them to Pictou, Nova Scotia. Here they transferred to an
open wagon and raced through the night through the pouring
rain to Dartmouth, stopping at Truro for dinner...

PAGE 2: Archived 2001 May 20
http://web.archive.org/web/20010520165049/http://www.magma.ca/~hilbert/pages/page2.html
PAGE 2: Archived 2001 June 16
http://web.archive.org/web/20010616103151/http://www.magma.ca/~hilbert/pages/page2.html
PAGE 2: Archived 2001 November 4
http://web.archive.org/web/20011104201825/http://www.magma.ca/~hilbert/pages/page2.html




Hilbert Buist webpage 3: R.M.S. Britannia

PAGE 3: Archived 2001 May 20
http://web.archive.org/web/20010520165049/http://www.magma.ca/~hilbert/pages/page3.html
PAGE 3: Archived 2001 June 16
http://web.archive.org/web/20010616103654/http://www.magma.ca/~hilbert/pages/page3.html
PAGE 3: Archived 2001 November 4
http://web.archive.org/web/20011104203751/http://www.magma.ca/~hilbert/pages/page3.html
PAGE 3: Archived 2002 January 21
http://web.archive.org/web/20020121202245/http://www.magma.ca/~hilbert/pages/page3.html




Hilbert Buist webpage 4: On His Way in the World
He arrived home September 5, 1841...

PAGE 4: Archived 2002 January 21
http://web.archive.org/web/20020121202057/http://www.magma.ca/~hilbert/pages/page4.html
PAGE 4: Archived 2002 February 7
http://web.archive.org/web/20020207234157/http://www.magma.ca/~hilbert/pages/page4.html
PAGE 4: Archived 2002 June 4
http://web.archive.org/web/20020604133408/http://www.magma.ca/~hilbert/pages/page4.html


The Shubenacadie Canal
    http://museum.gov.ns.ca/arch/sites/shubie/shubie.htm

The Port Morien French Mine
    http://museum.gov.ns.ca/places/morien/morien.htm

The Joggins Fossil Cliffs
    http://museum.gov.ns.ca/places/joggins/joggins.htm

The Parrsboro Fossil Site
    http://museum.gov.ns.ca/places/parrsbor/parrsbor.htm

Debert Palaeo-Indian Site
    http://museum.gov.ns.ca/places/debert/debert.htm

The Nova Scotia Government used to have, in its website, a dozen brief but valuable historical items under the heading "Industrial Heritage in Nova Scotia". For some unfathomable reason these were deleted from the government's website in September 2000, when the Department of Housing and Municipal Affairs [/homa/] was abolished and its functions were transferred to a new Department named Service Nova Scotia and Municipal Relations [/snsmr/]. The old website had a special section named "Heritage" [/homa/muns/hert/] but the new department has no interest in this – at least there is nothing in its website comparable to the old Municipal Affairs Heritage site. As far as I can find out, no MLA has asked the government to put this information back online. (According to the government's search engine in January 2004, the last time the phrase "industrial heritage" occurs in Hansard is dated May 1998.)
The document:
Shubenacadie Canal Lock #5, 1826-1855
Wellington, Halifax County
(formerly at http://www.gov.ns.ca/homa/muns/hert/indhert/shubie.htm)
has disappeared from the government's website
but the Wayback Machine has archived copies:
Archived: 1999 December 23
http://web.archive.org/web/19991223003945/http://www.gov.ns.ca/homa/muns/hert/indhert/shubie.htm
Archived: 2000 June 5
http://web.archive.org/web/20000605221726/http://www.gov.ns.ca/homa/muns/hert/indhert/shubie.htm
Archived: 2000 August 17
http://web.archive.org/web/20000817012600/http://www.gov.ns.ca/homa/muns/hert/indhert/shubie.htm

The document:
Pictou Iron Foundry, 1855
Pictou
(formerly at http://www.gov.ns.ca/homa/muns/hert/indhert/pictou.htm)
has disappeared from the government's website
but the Wayback Machine has archived copies:
Archived: 1999 December 22
http://web.archive.org/web/19991222224718/http://www.gov.ns.ca/homa/muns/hert/indhert/pictou.htm
Archived: 2000 June 15
http://web.archive.org/web/20000615165951/http://www.gov.ns.ca/homa/muns/hert/indhert/pictou.htm
Archived: 2000 August 17
http://web.archive.org/web/20000817012605/http://www.gov.ns.ca/homa/muns/hert/indhert/pictou.htm

The document:
Chignecto Marine Railway, 1888-1891
Chignecto Isthmus, Cumberland County
(formerly at http://www.gov.ns.ca/homa/muns/hert/indhert/chignect.htm)
has disappeared from the government's website
but the Wayback Machine has archived copies:
Archived: 1999 December 22
http://web.archive.org/web/19991222003922/http://www.gov.ns.ca/homa/muns/hert/indhert/chignect.htm
Archived: 2000 March 9
http://web.archive.org/web/20000309144929/http://www.gov.ns.ca/homa/muns/hert/indhert/chignect.htm
Archived: 2000 August 17
http://web.archive.org/web/20000817012549/www.gov.ns.ca/homa/muns/hert/indhert/chignect.htm

The document:
Moirs Hydroelectric Power Plant, 1931
Bedford, Halifax County
(formerly at http://www.gov.ns.ca/homa/muns/hert/indhert/moirs.htm)
has disappeared from the government's website
but the Wayback Machine has archived copies:
Archived: 2000 February 26
http://web.archive.org/web/20000226085418/http://www.gov.ns.ca/homa/muns/hert/indhert/moirs.htm
Archived: 2000 June 15
http://web.archive.org/web/20000615112143/http://www.gov.ns.ca/homa/muns/hert/indhert/moirs.htm
Archived: 2000 August 17
http://web.archive.org/web/20000817012609/http://www.gov.ns.ca/homa/muns/hert/indhert/moirs.htm

The document:
LeNoir Forge, late 1700s
Arichat, Richmond County
(formerly at http://www.gov.ns.ca/homa/muns/hert/indhert/lenoir.htm)
has disappeared from the government's website
but the Wayback Machine has archived copies:
Archived: 1999 December 22
http://web.archive.org/web/19991222054348/http://www.gov.ns.ca/homa/muns/hert/indhert/lenoir.htm
Archived: 2000 March 9
http://web.archive.org/web/20000309224425/http://www.gov.ns.ca/homa/muns/hert/indhert/lenoir.htm
Archived: 2000 August 17
http://web.archive.org/web/20000817012614/http://www.gov.ns.ca/homa/muns/hert/indhert/lenoir.htm

Here's another (see next above) Nova Scotia history item that the Nova Scotia Government used to have in its website: "The earliest recorded attempt at organizing agriculture in Nova Scotia came in 1789, with the first farmers' organization, the Colonial Societies, in Horton, Kings County..." This, too, was deleted from the government's website when the Department of Agriculture & Marketing [/nsdam/] was abolished. Fortunately the Wayback Machine has archived copies:
The document:
Organizational History of the Nova Scotia
Department of Agriculture & Marketing
(formerly at http://agri.gov.ns.ca/history.htm)
has disappeared from the government's website
but the Wayback Machine has archived copies:
Archived: 1997 June 19
http://web.archive.org/web/19970619223719/http://www.nsac.ns.ca/nsdam/history.html
Archived: 1999 May 6
http://web.archive.org/web/19990506112320/http://agri.gov.ns.ca/history.htm

World Wide Web Statistics: NSDAM and NSAC Sept. 1995 to Sept. 1996
NSDAM: Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture & Marketing
NSAC: Nova Scotia Agricultural College
    http://web.archive.org/web/19970619224404/www.nsac.ns.ca/stats/index.html
Electric Companies
This is a history of all electric power companies in Nova Scotia. How many separate public utility companies have operated electricity generating and/or distribution systems in Nova Scotia? 10? 20? 30? Here's a list, from the Acadia Electric Light Co. Ltd. to the Zwicker Electric Power Co. Ltd.
    http://alts.net/ns1625/electric.html

Telephone Companies
This is a history of all telegraph and telephone companies in Nova Scotia. According to the 1919 Annual Report of the Nova Scotia Board of Commissioners of Public Utilities, in December 1919 there were 223 telephone utility companies operating telephone systems in various parts of Nova Scotia. All are named here.
    http://alts.net/ns1625/telephone.html

Railway Companies
This is a history of all railway companies in Nova Scotia. How many have there been? Twenty? Thirty? Forty? Here's a list, from the Annapolis & Atlantic Railway to the Weymouth & New France Railroad.
    http://alts.net/ns1625/railways.html

History of Automobiles in Nova Scotia
A history, mostly excerpts from contemporary sources, of the early days of automobiles in Nova Scotia: The first few autos, speed limits, laws relating to autos, highway conditions, the ways people reacted to the new machines, etc.
    http://alts.net/ns1625/automobiles.html

Halifax: Nova Scotia Orders in Council 1991-2005
    http://www.gov.ns.ca/legislature/oic/

Ottawa: Federal Government Orders in Council 1867-1882
    http://www.collectionscanada.ca/02/020157_e.html

OIC 1871-1453, page 1
Subject: Minister of Public Works recommends changing the name of the Nova Scotia Railway station "now known as Coal Mines" to Stellarton, the local authorities and the Post Office and the Telegraph Company having already adopted that name...
Approved:   27 October 1871

OIC 1870-1172, page 1
OIC 1870-1172, page 2
OIC 1870-1172, page 3
Subject: Minister of Public Works recommending appointments on Nova Scotia Railway, viz. as station master and telegraph operators - William McCallum (first at Bedford, then at Elmsdale), Thomas M. Boggs (at Brookfield), M. Munford Jr. (at Ellershouse), Walter Sweet (at Newport), George F. Boggs (at Bedford) and Andrew M. Davidson (at West River)...
Approved:   18 February 1870

OIC 1877-0997, page 1
OIC 1877-0997, page 2
Subject: Appointment of Captain Nelson Card as lighthouse keeper at Isle Haute, Bay of Fundy, at $500.00 per annum...
Approved:   12 November 1877

OIC 1868-0961, page 1
OIC 1868-0961, page 2
OIC 1868-0961, page 3
Subject: Approval of payment of $2,700 to pay the steamship Linda for "maintaining communication between St. John, New Brunswick and Yarmouth, Nova Scotia," for the Post Office, having performed twenty-seven weekly trips at $100 per trip...
Approved:   19 November 1868

OIC 1874-1308, page 1
Subject: Approval of $6000 for the purchase of Bunkers Island near Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, for the purpose of constructing a Quarantine Station and Marine Hospital...
Approved:   5 November 1874

OIC 1879-0951, page 1
OIC 1879-0951, page 2
OIC 1879-0951, page 3
OIC 1879-0951, page 4
OIC 1879-0951, page 5
OIC 1879-0951, page 6
OIC 1879-0951, page 7
Subject: Telegraph line between Halifax and Canso – acceptance of the tender of the Dominion Telegraph Company to build and maintain "in perpetuity" a one-wire electric telegraph line between Halifax and Canso along the Eastern Shore Road...
Approved:   28 June 1879

OIC 1883-1311, page 1
OIC 1883-1311, page 2
OIC 1883-1311, page 3
OIC 1883-1311, page 4
OIC 1883-1311, page 5
OIC 1883-1311, page 6
Subject: Incorporation of The Yarmouth Power Knitting Company Limited, Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, for the purpose of manufacture and sale of all kinds of knitted hosiery and underwear... The capital stock of the Company to be $12,000... Abel C. Robbins, Hugh Currie, William A. Chase, James B. Kinney and Alexander L. Kerr to be the first directors of the Company...
Approved:   5 June 1883

OIC 1883-1789, page 1
OIC 1883-1789, page 2
OIC 1883-1789, page 3
OIC 1883-1789, page 4
Subject: Incorporation of The Yarmouth Duck and Yarn Company Limited, Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, for the purpose of manufacturing, spinning, weaving, dyeing, bleaching, printing, buying and selling of cotton, cotton duck, twine... The capital stock of the Company to be $150,000... William D. Lovitt, Samuel Killam, Abel C. Robbins, Frank Killam, Bowman Corning, Thomas E. Kelley and John Oldfield to be the first directors of the Company...
Approved:   18 August 1883

OIC 1881-1248, page 1
OIC 1881-1248, page 2
OIC 1881-1248, page 3
OIC 1881-1248, page 4
Subject: Incorporation of The Nova Scotia Glass Company Limited, New Glasgow, Nova Scotia, for the purpose of manufacturing, selling and dealing in all kinds of glass ware... The capital stock of the Company to be $50,000... Andrew Walker, Adam Carr Bell, James Eastwood, Graham Fraser and Peter A. McGregor to be the first directors of the Company...
Approved:   7 September 1881

OIC 1882-1422, page 1
OIC 1882-1422, page 2
OIC 1882-1422, page 3
OIC 1882-1422, page 4
OIC 1882-1422, page 5
Subject: Incorporation of The Nova Scotia Steel Company Limited, New Glasgow, Nova Scotia, for the purpose of making steel from scrap steel, scrap iron and pig iron... The capital stock of the Company to be $160,000... James D. McGregor, Graham Fraser, James M. Carmichael, John F. Stairs, and Henry S. Poole to be the first directors of the Company...
Approved:   12 July 1882


Mr. Nova Scotia Know-It-All Bruce Nunn's website
    http://www.geocities.com/mrnsknowitall/

Lost At Sea Sheevaun Nelson's website
This page is dedicated to Atlantic Canada fishermen and mariners lost at sea, their families and survivors. And to all those from the US East Coast and other countries who were also lost at sea. The Way It Was — stories containing facts of how the fisheries was; Maps; Newspaper and book articles or extracts — tragedies, mysteries, happy endings and light reading; Personal recollections, letters, diaries, accounts of the sea; Photographs — old and new...
    http://www.lostatsea.ca/
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of:
Lost At Sea
Sheevaun Nelson's website

Archived: 1999 January 28
http://web.archive.org/web/19990128191519/http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Prairie/7527/
Archived: 1999 October 10
http://web.archive.org/web/19991010173349/http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Prairie/7527/
Archived: 2001 April 3
http://web.archive.org/web/20010403225145/http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Prairie/7527/
Archived: 2001 June 5
http://web.archive.org/web/20010605021155/http://www.lostatsea.ca/
Archived: 2001 July 20
http://web.archive.org/web/20010720100450/http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Prairie/7527/
Archived: 2001 September 22
http://web.archive.org/web/20010922012239/http://www.lostatsea.ca/
Archived: 2002 January 24
http://web.archive.org/web/20020124183320/http://www.lostatsea.ca/
Archived: 2002 May 27
http://web.archive.org/web/20020527175919/http://www.lostatsea.ca/


Dorothea Dix and Sable Island by Thomas E. Appleton
Dorothea Lynde Dix was born at Hampden, Maine, in 1802, and was brought up in Boston.  This remarkable true tale of her involvement with Sable Island, Nova Scotia, and a series of shipwrecks, would be rejected as a movie script for being unbelievable.
    http://www.ccg-gcc.gc.ca/usque-ad-mare/chapter07-03_e.htm

Ship Information Database contains information about hundreds of ships that were registered in Canadian ports or sailed in Canadian waters
    http://daryl.chin.gc.ca:8000/basisbwdocs/sid/title1e.html

Sailing Ship riggings by Maritime Museum of the Atlantic, Halifax
    http://museum.gov.ns.ca/mma/AtoZ/rigs.html


The Eddy Rebellion
in Northern Nova Scotia
November 1776

The Eddy Rebellion in Nova Scotia, November 1776
    http://www.blupete.com/Hist/NovaScotiaBk2/Part2/Ch12.htm

Battle of Fort Cumberland (Eddy Rebellion) Wikipedia

Jonathan Eddy

Eddy, Jonathan, farmer, soldier; born 1726/27 at Norton, Massachusetts, son of Eleazer E. and Elizabeth (Cobb) Eddy; married 4 May 1749 to Mary, daughter of Dr. William Ware; came to Cumberland, Nova Scotia, in 1763, after serving as captain in the Seven Years' War; deputy provost marshal of Cumberland County; first magistrate on the Penobscot River; Member of the Nova Scotia Legislative Assembly for Cumberland Township, 1770-1775; leader in the rebellion in Cumberland in 1776; served as colonel in the American Revolutionary forces, living at Sharon, Massachusetts; in 1781 granted land at Eddington, Maine, where he died in August, 1804.
Source:
The Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia 1758-1983: A Biographical Directory, edited and revised by Shirley B. Elliott, 1984, ISBN 088871050X.   This volume was prepared as a contribution of the Public Archives of Nova Scotia to the celebration of the bicentenary of the establishment of representative government in Canada.

Jonathan Eddy Wikipedia

Note

...a certain John Eddy was indicted by the grand jury for treason, but escaped before he could be brought to trial. The principal offense was that of enlisting men for the British service.
Source:
Footnote 90 in Volume 7 of The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745-1799, 39 volumes, John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1931-1944; reprint, New York: Greenwood Press, 1970
This John Eddy is not to be confused with Jonathan Eddy, a resident of Cumberland County, Nova Scotia, in the 1760s and 1770s, and a Member of the Nova Scotia Legislative Assembly for Cumberland Township, 1770-1775. From the beginning, Jonathan Eddy supported the revolutionary side in the war, and certainly did not enlist men for the British service.

If Eddy had succeeded...

(In 1776) we had civil unrest at Fort Cumberland when Colonel Jonathan Eddy of the Continental Army tried to foment an uprising on behalf of the American revolution among the New England settlers who replaced the French Acadians. If Eddy had succeeded, and he might very well have, Canada today would not have an Atlantic coast...
— Mrs. Dianne Brushett (MP for Cumberland-Colchester):
House of Commons, Ottawa — Hansard, 27 January 1994
    http://collection.nlc-bnc.ca/100/201/301/
        hansard-e/35-1/009_94-01-27/009GO3E.html#506



Planter Studies Centre Planters: the old English term for colonists
    http://ace.acadiau.ca/history/plstcntr.htm
Migration from New England, 1759-1774 The Colony of Nova Scotia stood on New England's frontier during the tumultuous time of the Seven Years' War (1756-1763) between England and France over their North American Empires. Between 1760 and 1774, approximately 8000 Planters (colonists) from Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire came to Nova Scotia, bringing with them their own culture, a mixture of Old World traditions and New World adjustments...
    http://ace.acadiau.ca/history/plmigrat.htm

Tantramar Heritage British forces captured Fort Beausejour in June of 1755, and renamed it Fort Cumberland ... In 1776, many of the Yorkshire families found themselves caught up in the Eddy Rebellion when a group of New Englanders and sympathizers laid siege to Fort Cumberland...
    http://heritage.tantramar.com/history.html

Fort Beausejour - Fort Cumberland, by Parks Canada
Fort Beausejour is a star-shaped fort built in 1750-51 by by order of Marquis de la Jonquiere, Governor of Canada, in the course of the French struggle with the British for possession of Acadia (Nova Scotia). Fort Beausejour was taken by Lt. Col. Robert Monckton with volunteers from New England, known as Shirley's Regiment, raised by Lt. Col. John Winslow, aided by men of the Royal Artillery, and other British troops, after a two-week siege, June 3-16, 1755. Renamed Fort Cumberland. Besieged by rebels under Jonathan Eddy, November 4-24, 1776. Defended by the Royal American Fencible Regiment under Lt. Col. Joseph Gorham and relieved by Major Thomas Batt with a body of Royal Marines and Royal Highland Emigrants, who routed the besiegers.
Source: http://parkscanada.pch.gc.ca/parks/new_brunswick/fort_beausejour/fort_beausejour_e.htm
(For some unknown reason, Parks Canada has deleted this.)

24 August 1763: List of names of 374 Acadian Prisoners at Fort Cumberland (formerly Fort Beausejour)
    http://acadian-home.org/acadians-beausejour.html

"Tantramar Flashbacks" in The Sackville Tribune-Post, 9 May 2001
For a time, in 1775-76, it appeared that Nova Scotia (which then included present day New Brunswick) might be the fourteenth colony to rebel ... In Cumberland Township (now Cumberland County, Nova Scotia) local leadership for the revolutionary cause was provided by its two MLAs, John Allan (1746-1805) and Jonathan Eddy (1726-1804). The uprising known as Eddy's Rebellion reached its peak in November of 1776...
Source: http://www.tantramar.com/trib/2001/05/09/columns.html
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this document:
Tantramar Flashbacks — 9 May 2001

Archived: 2001 July 11
http://web.archive.org/web/20010711031513/http://tantramar.com/trib/2001/05/09/columns.html
Archived: 2002 June 15
http://web.archive.org/web/20020615205146/http://www.tantramar.com/trib/2001/05/09/columns.html
Archived: 2003 March 30
http://web.archive.org/web/20030330095509/http://www.tantramar.com/trib/2001/05/09/columns.html


"Tantramar Flashbacks" in The Sackville Tribune-Post, 19 December 2001
The Christmas season was anything but merry on the Tantramar in 1776. During the previous autumn this region had been directly involved in the American Revolution. Although the Eddy Rebellion was over, its impact was still in evidence. The remains of torched homes and farm buildings could be found throughout the countryside. Desperation and starvation lined the faces of many homeless refugees (from both sides) who were huddled in Fort Beausejour, now renamed Fort Cumberland...
Source: http://www.tantramar.com/trib/2001/12/19/columns.html
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this document:
Tantramar Flashbacks — 19 December 2001

Archived: 2002 August 11
http://web.archive.org/web/20020811190055/http://www.tantramar.com/trib/2001/12/19/columns.html
Archived: 2003 March 30
http://web.archive.org/web/20030330101524/http://www.tantramar.com/trib/2001/12/19/columns.html


They Intended to Make of Nova Scotis the 14th State of the Union
a column from the Yarmouth Vanguard
    http://www.geocities.com/heartland/meadows/2700/story28.htm

Fort Lawrence / Beaubassin Heritage Association The area, presently known as Fort Lawrence, located on the East side of the Missaquash River, in the region known as Chignecto which consisted of the area surrounding the border between present day New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, was originally called Beaubassin, meaning "beautiful bay". Beaubassin was founded in 1671 and was the first major French settlement, outside of Port Royal, in Acadia. The first Frenchman to visit the area was Champlain in 1605...
    http://cumberlandcounty.ns.ca/recreation/flbha/history/index.htm

The Yorkshire Emigration Yorkshire's Ayup Online Magazine
The Townships of Sackville, Cumberland and Amherst were laid out in 1763 each containing 100,000 acres (Cumberland Township disappeared and was replaced by Amherst Township in 1783) ... The first shipload of Yorkshire immigrants to arrive was in 1772 ... The Chignecto Isthmus felt the greatest impact of the immigration. Settling at Amherst were: Black, Freeze, Robinson, Lusby, Oxley, Foster and others; at Nappan, Maccan, River Philip: Brown, Ripley, Shepley, Pipes, Coates, Harrison, Fenwick and others: Westmorland Point, Point de Bute and Fort Lawrence: Keilor, Siddall, Wells, Smith Lowerson, Truemen, Chapman, Donkin (actually from Northumberland), Read, Carter, King, Trenholm, Dobson and others; and at Sackville: Dixon, Bowser, Atkinson, Anderson, Bulmer, Harper, Patterson, Fawcett, Richardson, Humphrey, Wry, and others. Aside from the Chignecto region up to 15% of the families settled in Annapolis County and included the names: Clark, Wilson, Oliver, Milner, Mills, Halliday, Jefferson and others. The settlement generally known as "the Yorkshire Immigration" has had a profound effect on settlement patterns in eastern Canada, and may have significantly contributed to the political landscape of the Maritimes. Loyal Yorkshiremen helped British forces at Fort Cumberland (now Fort Beausejour National Historic Park) quell the Eddy Rebellion of 1776...
    http://ayup.co.uk/knows/knows11.html
The Wayback Machine has an archived copy of this document:
The Yorkshire Emigration
Yorkshire's Ayup Online Magazine

Archived: 2002 February 09
http://web.archive.org/web/20020209135346/http://ayup.co.uk/knows/knows11.html


Assembly 5 (April 1770-October 1785)
There were nine members during this time for Cumberland County and Cumberland Township. Their chief claim to fame seemed to be non-attendance and one of them, Jonathon Eddy, was dismissed from the House for becoming "a rebble". This was true ... It was claimed that one of the causes of poor attendance was the almost impossible task of getting to Halifax. The Halifax authorities claimed the main reason was the "rebellious nature" of the Cumberland inhabitants. There was, however, a small rebellion commonly called the "Eddy Rebellion" in 1776...
    http://www.ccgs.ednet.ns.ca/cumb/cumbco.htm

Petition of Nova Scotia Inhabitants To "His Excellency George Washington Esquire Generalissmo of the Army of the Twelve United Colonies of America" February 8, 1776
    http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Acres/2957/depost.htm

Lieut. Lewis Frederick Delesdernier a Cumberland County, Nova Scotia, refugee, came to Machias in 1776. In May, 1777, he was commissioned first lieutenant in the Continental Army by Col. John Allan, and acted as his secretary while Col. Allan commanded the Eastern Indians. Soon after the close of the Revolution he removed to Passamaquoddy and was the first collector of customs and the first postmaster of Eastport.
    http://www.rootsweb.com/~mekenneb/resources/stateof.html

Dyer Family History In November 1777, Jones Dyer accompanied Colonel John Allan, Superintendent of the Eastern Indians, and a party of American "Patriots", to St. Andrews, where they held a council with the Indians. The following day an attempt was made to capture Allan by inviting him aboard a sloop. Allan suspected the scheme, and instead of going himself sent Jones Dyer of Machias, Louis F. Delesdernier, and four others. All of them were seized as they boarded the craft, which was a Loyalist vessel, the Howe, from Halifax.
    http://www.calaisalumni.org/Maine/2dyer.htm

Jonathan Eddy (1726-1804) The hamlet of Eddington, in Penobscot County, Maine, (on Highway Nine "The Airline", well-known to many motorists from Nova Scotia) is named in honour of Jonathan Eddy.
    http://www.eddyfamily.com/EFHA%20Info.htm

Howard Trueman's book
1902

Complete text now available online
(the links below point to Chapter Four)

CHAPTER IV: The Eddy Rebellion The Chignecto Isthmus and Its First Settlers, by Howard Trueman
The Eddy Rebellion does not occupy much space in history, but it was an important event in the district where it occurred, and in the lives of those who were responsible for it. The leaders were Colonel Jonathan Eddy, Sheriff John Allan, or "Rebel John," as he was afterwards called, William Howe, and Samuel Rogers. Eddy, Rogers and Allan had been, or were at that time members of the Nova Scotia Legislative Assembly at Halifax. Allan was a Scotsman by birth, the others were from New England ... The question has been asked, would it not have been better for the northern half of this continent if the Eddy rebellion had succeeded and what is now Canada had become one country with the United States?...
    http://www.bookrags.com/books/chgnt/PART6.htm

CHAPTER IV: The Eddy Rebellion The Chignecto Isthmus and Its First Settlers, by Howard Trueman
    http://www.magma.ca/~mmackay/trueman.html

CHAPTER IV: The Eddy Rebellion The Chignecto Isthmus and Its First Settlers, by Howard Trueman
    http://tanaya.net/Books/chgnt10/

Nova Scotia during the American Revolution
by Bill J. Wilms, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
    http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/E/novascotia/scotiaxx.htm


Continental Congress Considers the Plight
of Refugees from Nova Scotia

Monday, March 28, 1785

Congress assembled. Present, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina; and from the State of Massachusetts, Mr. [Rufus] King, and from Georgia, Mr. [William] Houstoun...

The Committee consisting of Messrs. [William] Ellery, [James] Monroe, [Jacob] Read, [Hugh] Williamson and [Richard Dobbs] Speight to whom was referred the petition of Jonathan Eddy and others, refugees from Nova Scotia, setting [forth] that on accounts of their opposition to British measures they were exiled from their habitation and proscribed by their enemies, their houses were burned and their stock and other personal property wasted and destroyed and considerable rewards offered for the heads of the most active among them, that ever since their misfortune they have been inhabitants of the United States and have served the cause of America in the field or in such other way as their abilities permitted — That they now find themselves destitute of a home for their retirement, of property for their support and of all hope of assistance but from the justice and humanity of Congress; and pray that the may receive some compensation for their losses. Whereupon your Committee submit the following resolution —

That Jonathan Eddy and other refugees from Nova Scotia on account of their attachment to the interest of the United States be recommended to the humanity & particular attention of the several states in which they respectively reside and that they be [informed that whenever Congress can consistently make grants of land they will reward in this way as far as may be consistent such refugees from Nova Scotia, as may be disposed to live in the Western Country.]

[Note: This report, in the writing of William Ellery, except the part in brackets which is in the writing of Hugh Williamson, is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, No. 19, II, folio 197. It was read this day (March 28) and the resolve passed April 13.]

Source: Journal of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789
Historical Collections for the U.S. National Digital Library
    http://memory.loc.gov/

March 28, 1785: Jonathan Eddy and other refugees from Nova Scotia
Source: Journal of the Continental Congress, March 28, 1785
Historical Collections for the U.S. National Digital Library
http://memory.loc.gov/ll/lljc/028/0200/02130201.tif


Continental Congress
April 13th, 1785

Congress assembled. Present, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pensylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina; and from the state of Georgia, Mr. [William] Houstoun.

On the report of a committee, consisting of Mr. [William] Ellery, Mr. [James] Monroe, Mr. [Jacob] Read, Mr. [Hugh] Williamson and Mr. [Richard Dobbs] Spaight, to whom was referred a petition of Jonathan Eddy, and other refugees of Nova Scotia,

Resolved, That Jonathan Eddy, and other refugees from Nova Scotia, on account of their attachment to the interest of the United States, be recommended to the humanity and particular attention of the several states in which they respectively reside; and that they be informed, that whenever Congress can consistently make grants of land, they will reward, in this way, as far as may be consistent, such refugees from Nova Scotia, as may be disposed to live in the Western country.

Source: Journal of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789
Historical Collections for the U.S. National Digital Library
    http://memory.loc.gov/


The Eddy Rebellion: Ink-on-Paper References

Papers relating to Trials for Treason in 1776-7, The Nova Scotia Historical Society, #1 (1878) — The Eddy Rebellion; eight pages

The Siege of Fort Cumberland, 1776: An Episode in the American Revolution, by Ernest Clarke, 304 pages, published 1995 by McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal & Kingston, ISBN 0773518673, ISBN 077351323X; — A detailed account of the 1776 siege and the events leading up to it

Footprints in the Marsh Mud: Politics and Land Settlement in the Township of Sackville 1760-1800, by James D. Snowdon, M.A. thesis, University of New Brunswick, 1974; reprinted, Tantramar Heritage Trust, 2000 — pages 74-80: the Eddy rebellion

A Century at Chignecto: The Key to Old Acadia, by William Richard Bird, Ryerson Press, Toronto, 1928 — Chapters VI-XVI: the events of 1750-1755, and the Eddy Rebellion of 1776

Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Vol.IV, pages 540-542 — Lt. Col. Robert Monckton (1726-1782)

Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Vol.V, pages 295,296 — Jonathan Eddy (1726-1804)

Memoir of Colonel Jonathan Eddy, of Eddington, Maine: With Some Account of the Eddy Family, and of the Early Settlers on Penobscot River by Joseph W. Porter, published 1877 by Sprague, Owen & Nash, Augusta, Maine, 73 pages

History of Penobscot County, Maine, with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches (1617-1882) (edited by Henry A. Ford?) published 1882 by Williams, Chase & Co., Cleveland, Ohio, 922 pages

Military Operations in Eastern Maine and Nova Scotia During the Revolution, chiefly compiled from the journals and letters of Colonel John Allan, with notes and a memoir of Col. John Allan by Frederic Kidder, 336 pages,
published 1867 by Joel Munsell, Albany, New York;
reprinted 1971 by Kraus Reprint Co., Millwood, New York;
reprinted 1997 ISBN 0832854581, 336 pages, by Higginson Book Company

Sketch of Col. John Allan of Maine, by George H. Allan, New England Historical and Genealogical Register, July 1876, pages 353-359

Narrative of Col. John Allan, edited by Peter E. Vose, New England Historical and Genealogical Register, July 1858, pages 254-257

The Neutral Yankees of Nova Scotia, A Marginal Colony During The Revolutionary Years by John Bartlet Brebner, 387 pages with fold-out map, published 1937 by Columbia University Press, New York (reprinted 1970 by McClelland and Stewart, Toronto ?)

Machias And the Invasion of Nova Scotia, by Daniel Cobb Harvey (1886-1966), 14-page phamphlet; reprinted from the Annual Report of the Canadian Historical Association, 1932, pages 17-28

Nova Scotia in the Critical Years, 1775-76 by Wilfred Brenton Kerr, The Dalhousie Review, Vol. 12, 1932

The Maritime Provinces of British North America and the American Revolution by Wilfred Brenton Kerr, published 1941 by Busy East Press, Sackville, N.B.; reprinted 1970 by Russell & Russell Inc., New York (a division of Atheneum House Inc.) 172 pages

The American Invasion of Nova Scotia, 1776-77 by Wilfred Brenton Kerr, Canadian Defense Quarterly, July 1936, pages 433-445

Bermuda and the American Revolution: 1760-1783 by Wilfred Brenton Kerr, published 1936 by Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 142 pages; reprinted 1969 by Archon Books

The American Revolution and Nova Scotia Reconsidered by George A. Rawlyk, Dalhousie Review, Autumn 1963, pages 379-394

Revolution Rejected, 1775-1776 George A. Rawlyk editor, published 1968 by Prentice-Hall of Canada, Scarborough, Ontario

Nova Scotia's Massachusetts: a study of Massachusetts - Nova Scotia relations, 1630 to 1784 by George A. Rawlyk, 298 pages, ISBN 0773501428, published 1973 by McGill University Press, Montreal, and Queen's University Press, London, Ontario

A People Highly Favoured of God: the Nova Scotia Yankees and the American Revolution by Gordon Stewart and George Rawlyk, 219 pages, ISBN 770508669, published 1972 by Macmillan, Toronto

New Ireland: Loyalists in Eastern Maine During the American Revolution, by Robert Wesley Sloan, Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan State University, 1971

Note about "New Ireland":
In the last months of the War of 1812 the English troops held all the land in Maine east of the Penobscot River and administered the civil government from Bangor. England proposed to make of this conquest a separate province of the Canadian government, and to call it New Ireland. When the Treaty of Ghent was signed, however, Hinckley and the rest of eastern Maine were returned to the United States.
Source: "Hinckley Township or Grand Lake Stream Plantation" by Minnie Atkinson, 1920
    http://outdoors.mainetoday.com/forgotten/excerpt.htm

New England Rubicon: A Study of Eastern Maine During the American Revolution, by John Howard Ahlin, Ph.D. Dissertation, Boston University, 1962

The Forts of Chignecto: A Study of the Eighteenth Century Conflict Between France and Great Britain in Acadia by John Clarence Webster, 196 pages, 400 copies published 1930 by the author, Shediac, N.B.; now (2002) available as a print-to-order reprint

History in a Government House: a Study of Those Who Administered the Government of Acadia and That of Nova Scotia Until 1784 — Read Before the Nova Scotia Historical Society 1 April 1926 by John Clarence Webster, 16 pages, published 1926 by the author, Shediac, N.B.

Canada and the American Revolution: The Disruption of the First British Empire by George M. Wrong, 511 pages, published 1935 by Macmillan, New York; reprinted 1968 ISBN 0815402619 by Cooper Square Publishers; reprinted ISBN 0781248752 by Reprint Services Corporation

Privateering and Piracy: The Effects of New England Raiding Upon Nova Scotia During the American Revolution, 1775-1783, by John Dewar Faibisy, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Massachusetts, 1972

Acadia in the Revolution, by George J. Varney, Magazine of American History, July 1882, pages 486-495

Nova Scotia and New England During the Revolution, by Emily P. Weaver, American Historical Review, October 1904, pages 52-71

A history of Tatamagouche, Nova Scotia by Frank H. Patterson, 143 pages, published 1917 by Royal Print & Litho, Halifax; reprinted 1973 by Mika Publishing Co., Belleville, Ontario

Acadia: The Geography of Early Nova Scotia to 1760 by Andrew Hill Clark, 470 pages with maps, published 1968 by University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin; reprints available in 2002 ISBN 0835760006 from Books On Demand

Journal of Abijah Willard by Abijah Willard, edited by John Clarence Webster, 75 pages, New Brunswick Historical Society, [1930?], Saint John, N.B. [Abijah Willard was an officer in the expedition which captured Fort Beausejour in 1755. Abijah Willard, Esq., was named in the Banishment Act of the State of Massachusetts, September 1778.]



Unpublished Manuscripts... a rich lode of historical material...
    http://www.westerncounties.ca/banks/unpublis.htm
Examples:
The American Invasion of Nova Scotia, 1776-77, W.B. Kerr. From: Canadian Defence Quarterly, n.d. pp 433-445. Photocopy.
History of New-Scotland From its Discovery to the Present Times, [John Oldmixon]. From: The British Empire in America, Containing the History of the Discovery, Settlement, Progress and Present State of all the British Colonies ... 1708?
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this website:
Unpublished Manuscripts...

Archived: 2001 May 3
http://web.archive.org/web/20010503053156/http://www.wcr.library.ns.ca/banks/unpublis.htm
Archived: 2001 August 14
http://web.archive.org/web/20010814215607/http://www.wcr.library.ns.ca/banks/unpublis.htm
Archived: 2002 June 6
http://web.archive.org/web/20020606080013/http://www.wcr.library.ns.ca/banks/unpublis.htm

John Allan
(1746-1805)

Allan, John, farmer, merchant; born 3 January 1746 at Edinburgh Castle, Scotland; son of William and Isabelle (Maxwell) Allan; married 10 October 1767 to Mary, daughter of Mark Patton; elected Member of the Nova Scotia Legislative Assembly for Cumberland Township in by-election, took seat 30 October 1775; seat declared vacant 28 June 1776 for non-attendance; served as clerk of the Sessions; Justice of the Peace, sheriff, clerk of the Supreme Court; later became a soldier in the American Revolutionary Army. As a participant in the Eddy Rebellion he fled from Cumberland County in August 1776 for political reasons; died 7 February 1805, in Maine.
Source:
The Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia 1758-1983: A Biographical Directory, edited and revised by Shirley B. Elliott, 1984, ISBN 088871050X



(1775) Col. John Allan, commanding officer at Machias, Maine, and Superintendent of Eastern Indian department ...
(1777) company raised (at Machias) for expedition against St. John, Nova Scotia...
    http://www.whitneygen.org/archives/military/mass/m.html

Colonel John Allan

from Electric Scotland's 'Mini Bios of People of Scots Descent'

Colonel John Allan of Revolutionary fame, and who was especially prominent during that period in Eastern Maine, deserves much greater mention and consideration than historians have ever bestowed upon him. This seeming neglect of one who is entitled to much honor is easily accounted for. His position under General Washington as Superintendent of the Indians of Eastern Maine did not bring him into the limelight of those times, although his duties were arduous and required skill, executive ability, keen foresight and sagacity, which attributes he possessed to a marked degree. In executing this important mission he was not in any of the memorable battles of the Revolution and hence his name is not prominently inscribed upon the roll of the famous men of that great struggle. His services for the cause of the American Colonies again brings into prominence Passamaquoddy Bay and the historic town of Machias, that being his headquarters. John Allan was the eldest son of William Allan, one of the earliest settlers of Halifax, Nova Scotia, and was born in Edinburgh Castle, Scotland, Jan. 3, 1746. His father, William Allan, was born about the year 1720; was a Scottish gentleman of means and an officer in the British Army. He married July 9, 1744, Isabella Maxwell, the daughter of Sir Eustace Maxwell a gentleman of Scotland, and at the time of the birth of his son, in January 1746, he was temporarily residing in Edinburgh Castle where he and his family had sought refuge during the troubles of the Rebellion. From 1748 to I750 there was quite a large emigration from England to the Nova Scotia coast, and it was about this time that William Allan settled at Halifax where he remained for a short time and then moved to Fort Lawrence where he resided until about 1759. It is supposed that he was a British officer at this tune...
Source: Electric Scotland's Scottish History
Mini Bios of People of Scots Descent   Colonel John Allan
    http://www.electricscotland.com/history/world/bios/allan_john.htm


Colonel John Allan kept the area from the St. Croix River
to the Penobscot River from becoming Canadian territory

One Hundred and Twentieth Maine Legislature

First Regular Session
40th Legislative Day, Tuesday, May 1, 2001

Joint Resolution Commemorating
May First as Colonel John Allan,
American Revolutionary War Hero, Day

Joint Resolution Commemorating May First as Colonel John Allan, American Revolutionary War Hero, Day
On motion of Representative SOCTOMAH of the Passamaquoddy Tribe, the following Joint Resolution: (H.P. 1323) (Cosponsored by Senator SHOREY of Washington and Representatives: BAGLEY of Machias, BUNKER of Kossuth Township, DUGAY of Cherryfield, DUNLAP of Old Town, GOODWIN of Pembroke, HALL of Bristol, MORRISON of Baileyville, Senator: GOLDTHWAIT of Hancock)

WHEREAS, Colonel John Allan, Scottish-born patriot of the Revolutionary War, was appointed by President George Washington in 1776 as the Military Commander of the Eastern Area; and

WHEREAS, the Continental Congress in 1778 acknowledged the work of Colonel Allan in defending the District of Maine; and

WHEREAS, Colonel Allan had headquarters in Machias, Maine and defended the country during the Revolutionary War; and

WHEREAS, Colonel Allan united the Passamaquoddy, Maliseet, Penobscot and Micmac tribes with the Maine settlers and together they defended the Maine coast against the British; and

WHEREAS, Colonel Allan worked to fulfill promises made to the Passamaquoddy Tribe by meeting with President Washington and the Continental Congress; and

WHEREAS, Colonel Allan's service to the American colonies kept the area from the St. Croix River to the Penobscot River from becoming Canadian territory; now, therefore, be it

RESOLVED: That, We, the Members of the One Hundred and Twentieth Legislature now assembled in the First Regular Session, on behalf of the people we represent, take this opportunity to recognize Colonel John Allan as a Patriot of Maine and we proclaim that May 1st, 2001 is Colonel John Allan Day; and be it further

RESOLVED: That suitable copies of this resolution, duly authenticated by the Secretary of State, be transmitted to Porter Memorial Library in Machias, Peavey Memorial Library in Eastport, the Charlotte Historical Society, the Dennysville Historical Society, the Pembroke Historical Society, the Passamaquoddy Tribe and the Daughters of the American Revolution, who maintain the historical memorials in honor of this important time in Maine history.

Source: The Maine House of Representatives, Augusta, Maine
    http://janus.state.me.us/house/history/120th/hrecindx.htm#may01
    http://www.state.me.us/legis/senate/Records/1st120th/050101R2.doc



Mitch Biggar's New Brunswick History Tidbits with Irene Doyle
On May 29th, 1776, John Allan learned that the HMS Vulture had returned to Annapolis, Nova Scotia. So on May 30th Allan set out from Machias, Maine, with a party of forty-three men. Allan was joined by thirteen canoes of men at Musquash Cove ... When the authorities in Halifax heard of this they sent the warship HMS Mermaid and the sloops HMS Hope and a detachment of soldiers to repel the American force...
    http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Ranch/9002/war.htm

The Revolutionary War: The Part Played by the St. John River Indians
...The style of argument used to induce the natives from their allegiance to the King of England is seen in the letter addressed to them by the congress of Massachusetts on May 15th, 1775 ... The most active agent the Americans had at this time was one John Allan who formerly resided in the eastern part of what is now Westmorland County in New Brunswick ... About this time the Governonr of Nova Scotia sent Col. Arthur Goold to the River St. John to engage the Indians either to remain neutral or to assist in the defence of Nova Scotia...
    http://personal.nbnet.nb.ca/halew/Raymond28.html


Continental Congress

April 21st, 1785

The petition of John Allan, Supt. of Indian Affairs, Eastern Department, praying compensation for services and expences, was referred to the Board of Treasury to report. [Note: The Board reported June 7, 1785. The petition, dated April 20, 1785, is in No. 42, I, folio 79.]
Source: Journal of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789
Historical Collections for the U.S. National Digital Library
    http://memory.loc.gov/

Continental Congress

June 6th, 1785

Board of Treasury, June 6th 1785.
The Board of Treasury to whom was referred the petition of John Allan Esq. late Superintendant of Indian affairs for the eastern department, Report.

That in the opinion of the Board, the Commission held by John Allan Esq. late Superintendant of Indian affairs for the eastern department, under the authority of Congress, can only be considered as a civil commission, and therefore that his claim for the emoluments granted to officers in the military line of the United States cannot be admitted.

With respect to the claims made by the Petitioner for his wages as Superintendant of Indian affairs from the 3d of June, 1783, till his dismission, and that the sum due on the certificate granted to him under the administration of the late Superintendant of finance, on the 4th June, 1783, should be discharged. The Board considering the pretensions of Mr Allan, as founded on the same basis with other civil officers of the United States submit to the consideration of Congress the following Resolve,

That the sum of eight hundred and seventy dollars 45/90 be paid to John Allan late Superintendant of Indian affairs June 13, passed for the Eastern department being the amount of his salary from the 3d June, 1783, till the 1st May, 1784, the time he received intelligence of his dismission from service.

That the Registers certificate given to John Allan Postponed 13 June; 17 June assigned the 4th. June, 1783, for three thousand four hundred and ninety four dollars being the balance due him for past services to that period be paid and cancelled out of the requisition for the year 1784.

[Note: This report is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, No. 138, 1, folio 75. Allan's petition is in No. 42, I, folio 79.]

Source: Journal of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789
Historical Collections for the U.S. National Digital Library
    http://memory.loc.gov/

Continental Congress Pays John Allan
$870 45/90

June 13th, 1785

On the report of the board of treasury, to whom was referred a petition of John Allan, late superintendant of Indian Affairs for the eastern department,

Resolved, (by nine states) That the sum of eight hundred and seventy dollars, and 45/90 of a dollar, be paid to John Allan, late superintendent of Indian affairs for the eastern department, being the amount of his salary from the 3d of June, 1783, until the 1st of May, 1784, the time he received intelligence of his dismission from service.
Source: Journal of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789
Historical Collections for the U.S. National Digital Library
    http://memory.loc.gov/

Continental Congress

July 7th, 1785

On this day was read a letter of John Allan, dated June 29, 1785, forwarding a speech of the Micmac and Penobscot Indians at Passamaquoddy in November 1783, and a wampum belt.  [Note: A copy of the speech had been forwarded to Congress December 25, 1783.  Allan's letter is in No. 58, folio 71.]
Source: Journal of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789
Historical Collections for the U.S. National Digital Library
    http://memory.loc.gov/

Continental Congress Pays John Allan
$3494.00

September 29th, 1785

Congress assembled.  Present, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, South Carolina and Georgia; and from the State of Delaware, Mr. [John] Vining; from Maryland, Mr. [William] Hindman; and from North Carolina, Mr. [William] Cumming...

On a report from the board of treasury, to whom was referred a petition of John Allan, esqr. late superintendent of Indian Affairs for the eastern department,

Resolved, That three thousand four hundred and ninety four dollars be paid to Mr. John Allan, out of the requisition for the year 1784, in full of the balance due to him on the fourth day of June, 1783, for his services to that time, and that the register's certificate, given for that balance, be taken up and cancelled.

Source: Journal of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789
Historical Collections for the U.S. National Digital Library
    http://memory.loc.gov/



The American Revolution
1773-1783

Proclamation of Rebellion, by King George III 23 August 1775
Declaration that the colonies were in a state of rebellion...
    http://ahp.gatech.edu/proclamation_bp_1775.html

      Proclamation of Rebellion, by King George III 23 August 1775
Declaration that the colonies were in a state of rebellion...
    http://www.lexrex.com/enlightened/laws/rebel_proc.htm

      Proclamation of Rebellion, by King George III 23 August 1775
Declaration that the colonies were in a state of rebellion...
    http://www.britannia.com/history/docs/procreb.html

Pictou During the American Revolution
    http://www.rootsweb.com/~pictou/picrev.htm
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this document:
Pictou During the American Revolution

Archived: 1997 May 8
http://web.archive.org/web/19970508083201/www.rootsweb.com/~pictou/picrev.htm
Archived: 1999 January 28
http://web.archive.org/web/19990128120808/http://www.rootsweb.com/~pictou/picrev.htm
Archived: 1999 October 9
http://web.archive.org/web/19991009103348/http://www.rootsweb.com/~pictou/picrev.htm
Archived: 2000 March 5
http://web.archive.org/web/20000305015325/http://rootsweb.com/~pictou/picrev.htm
Archived: 2000 October 13
http://web.archive.org/web/20001013235809/http://www.rootsweb.com/~pictou/picrev.htm
Archived: 2001 June 28
http://web.archive.org/web/20010628024036/http://rootsweb.com/~pictou/picrev.htm
Archived: 2001 November 24
http://web.archive.org/web/20011124155628/http://www.rootsweb.com/~pictou/picrev.htm


The King's Orange Rangers by John Leefe
...Captain John Howard's Company of the King's Orange Rangers came to Liverpool, Nova Scotia, at the request of the local citizens. They arrived December 13, 1778 and remained until August 23, 1783.  Their purpose was to deter rebel privateers which since 1776, had been harassing the people and stealing their property...
    http://www.angelfire.com/ns/KingsOrangeRangers/
The King's Orange Rangers, a loyalist regiment, was raised in December, 1776 by William Bayard, colonel of the militia of Orange County, New York. The corps was recruited throughout Orange County. The corps was transferred to Halifax, Nova Scotia in October of 1778. The regiment was employed in garrison duty in Halifax and smaller towns along the coast of Nova Scotia for the remainder of the war. They were disbanded on 10 October 1783.
The King's Orange Rangers, Captain John Howard's Company
Index to King's Orange Rangers History

Banishment Act of the State of Massachusetts passed: September 1778
    http://personal.nbnet.nb.ca/halew/Mass-Banishment-Act.html
An Act to prevent the return to this state of certain persons therein named and others who have left this state or either of the United States, and joined the enemies thereof...
Sect. 2.  And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that if any person or persons, who shall be transported as aforesaid, shall voluntarily return to this state, without liberty first had and obtained from the general court, he shall, on conviction thereof before the superior court of judicature, court of assize and general gaol delivery, suffer the pain of death without benefit of clergy...

Full text of The New York Act of Attainder, or Confiscation Act passed: 22d October 1779
    http://personal.nbnet.nb.ca/halew/NY-Attainder.html
An Act for the Forfeiture and Sale of the Estates of Persons who have adhered to the Enemies of this State, and for declaring the Sovereignty of the People of this State, in respect to all Property within the same...
Whereas, during the present unjust and cruel war, waged by the King of Great Britain, against this State and the other United States of America, divers persons holding or claiming property within this state, have voluntarily been adherent to the said King, his fleets and armies, enemies to this State and the said other United States, with intent to subvert the government and liberties of this state and the said other United States, and to bring the same into subjection to the crown of Great Britain; by reason whereof, the said persons have severally justly forfeited all rights to the protection of this state...

Articles of Capitulation: Surrender of Lord Cornwallis 18 October 1781
...The garrison of York will march out to a place to be appointed in front of the posts, at two o'clock precisely, with shouldered arms, colors cased, and drums beating a British or German march.  They are then to ground their arms, and return to their encampments, where they will remain until they are despatched to the places of their destination...
    http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/amerrev/amerdocs/art_of_cap_1781.htm

The Fate of the Loyalists
...The Compensation Act of July, 1783, was "to inquire into the circumstances and former fortunes of such persons as are reduced to distress by the late unhappy dissentions in America," and gave no authority for action.  It limited the time of receiving the claims to March 25, 1784.  The time was extended by three later acts, but the business was not completed until the spring of 1790...
    http://www.rootsweb.com/~nynassa2/Revolution/loyalists.htm

Treaty of Paris: Treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain 3 September 1783
...And that all disputes which might arise in future on the subject of the boundaries of the said United States may be prevented, it is hereby agreed and declared, that the following are and shall be their boundaries, viz.; from the northwest angle of Nova Scotia...
    http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/britian/paris.htm

Jay Treaty: Treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain 9 November 1794
...The said Commissioners shall meet at Halifax and shall have power to adjourn to such other place or places as they shall think fit.  They shall have power to appoint a Secretary, and to employ such Surveyors or other Persons as they shall judge necessary.  The said Commissioners shall by a Declaration under their Hands and Seals, decide what River is the River St Croix intended by the Treaty...
    http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/britian/jay.htm

The War of American Independence: Loyalist Participation
Extensive Bibliography by the U.S. Army Center of Military History
    http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/reference/revbib/loyalp.htm

The Penobscot Expedition
(July-August 1779)

The Penobscot Expedition was the
largest American naval fleet assembled
during the Revolutionary War

Many naval historians consider 14 August 1779
to be the greatest United States naval disaster
before Pearl Harbor, 7 December 1941
http://www.castinehistoricalsociety.org/penobscot.html

The total demolition of the American navy
by a British fleet from Halifax

Images: Destruction of the American Fleet at Penobscot Bay, 14 August 1779
Department of the Navy – Naval Historical Center, Washington Navy Yard, Washington DC
    http://www.history.navy.mil/pics/phinney1.jpg

The Penobscot Expedition Chapter 12 of:
A Naval History of the American Revolution, by Gardner W. Allen, Boston, 1913
...About the middle of June 1779, eight hundred or more British troops from Halifax, convoyed by three sloops of war under the command of Captain Mowatt, entered Penobscot Bay and took possession of the peninsula of Maja-bagaduce or Bagaduce, now called Castine.  The object of this move was the establishment of a new province, furnishing a home for many of the numerous loyalists under British protection in Nova Scotia and elsewhere and at the same time serving as a bulwark for British possessions farther east and as an advanced military post convenient for operating against New England... When the news of the British occupation reached Boston the Massachusetts General Court was in session, and it was soon determined to drive out the enemy, if possible, before he had had time to strengthen his position.  Preparations were made with energy and a military and naval force was soon organized... The fleet organized for this enterprise consisted of nineteen armed vessels and twenty or more transports, mostly from Massachusetts... Leaving the wrecks of their fleet strewn along the banks of the river, the unhappy soldiers and sailors of the Penobscot expedition found their way back to Boston through the wilderness.  The disaster had a depressing effect in Massachusetts...
    http://www.americanrevolution.org/nav12.html

The Penobscot Expedition Chapter Fourteen of Volume Two of:
The Rise, Progress and Termination of the American Revolution, by Mercy Otis Warren, 1805
( Mercy Otis Warren was the wife of James Warren, speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives)
 ...Colonel Maclean had been sent with a party of British troops from Halifax to land at the mouth of the Penobscot, within the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts.  He erected a fort, and established a strong post in a convenient situation for harassing the trade and distressing the young settlements bordering on the province of Nova Scotia.  When this intelligence was received at Boston, the hardy and enterprising sprit of the men of Massachusetts did not hesitate to make immediate preparation to dislodge an enemy whose temerity ahd led them to encroach on their state... By the industry and vigilance of public bodies and pirate adventurers... within ten days after Maclean's attempt was known at Boston, the Warren, a handsome new frigate of force, commanded by Commodore Saltonstall and seventeen other continental, state, and pirate ships, were equipped, manned, victualled, and ready for sea.  They were accompanied by an equal number of transports, with a considerable body of land forces who embarked in high spirits and with the sanguine expectation of a short and successful expedition... This business was principally conducted by the Massachusetts state legislature... Scarcely a single event during the great contest caused more triumph to Britain than this total demolition of the beginning of an American navy...
    http://www.samizdat.com/warren/rev14.html

The Penobscot Expedition the Penobscot fiasco
    http://www.uswars.net/1775-1783/battles/790801.htm

The Penobscot Expedition Archaeological Project (1999-2000)
Department of the Navy – Naval Historical Center, Washington Navy Yard, Washington DC
In June 1779, the British sent a contingent of soldiers to Majabagaduce, Massachusetts (present-day Castine, Maine) and established the military and political headquarters of a new colony for loyalist subjects fleeing the rebellious colonies.  In addition, the new fortification (Fort George) served as a source of protection for British shipping operating in the Bay of Fundy and along the coast of Nova Scotia, and prevented a land assault against southern Canada by American forces.  On 24 July 1779 a combined American naval and land force of approximately 40 ships and almost 3,000 men under the command of Commodore Dudley Saltonstall entered Penobscot Bay and laid siege to the new fort...
    http://www.history.navy.mil/branches/org12-7l.htm

Old Seventy-Fourth Highland Regiment, 1778-1783
...The 74th embarked at Greenock in August 1778, for Halifax, in Nova Scotia... The battalion companies, with a detachment of the 82d regiment, under the command of Brigadier-General Maclean, embarked at Halifax in June of the same year, and took possession of Penobscot.  With the view of establishing himself there, the brigadier proceeded to erect defences; but before these were completed, a hostile fleet from Boston, with 2000 troops on board, under Brigadier-General Lovel, appeared in the bay, and on the 28th of July effected a landing on a peninsula, where the British were erecting a fort.  The enemy immediately began to erect batteries for a siege; but their operations met with frequent interruption from parties that sallied from the fort... General Maclean returned to Halifax with the detachment of the 82d, leaving Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander Campbell of Monzie with the 74th at Penobscot, where they remained till the termination of hostilities, when they embarked for England.  They landed at Portsmouth, whence they marched for Stirling...
    http://www.electricscotland.com/history/scotreg/argyle.htm

The Court-Martial of Paul Revere
...The fleet had been placed in charge of Commodore Dudley Saltonstall.  It consisted of nineteen vessels, mounting in all three hundred and twenty four guns and manned by over two thousand sailors, besides twenty transports.  It was probably, taken altogether, the strongest and finest naval force furnished by New England during the Revolution... On the 24th of July the fleet arrived at the mouth of the Penobscot.  Due warning of its approach had been given the British, who, in spite of the fact that they had hastened in the work of constructing their fortifications, were greatly disheartened, realizing that the American force was much stronger, and ought to be able to quickly overcome the feeble resistance which was all, under the circumstances, they believed they could offer.  All but four of the British fleet had returned to Halifax... Lieutenant-Colonel Revere, in command of the artillery and the ammunition stores on board the ordnance brig, had already gone ashore at Fort Pownal, but the deserted brig managed to get clear of the rest of the fleet and made her way for several miles up stream before being overtaken; then she was burned with all her stores... The filing of these charges was followed by instant action.  Revere was arrested the same day...
    http://earlyamerica.com/lives/revere/chapt5/

General Francis McLean's letter to Sir Henry Clinton, 23 August 1779 Maine Memory Network
Letter from General Francis McLean to Sir Henry Clinton regarding the Penobscot Expedition...
...as soon as the Tide would permit they attempted to escape up the River, but being closely pursued by His Majesty's Ships... I am happy to inform your Excellency that their destruction has been complete, not one ship having escaped being either taken or burnt...
    http://www.mainememory.net/bin/Detail?ln=7472&in_size=298

Colonel Brewer's Account of the Penobscot Expedition
from the Bangor Whig and Courier, 13 August 1846
Early in the month of June 1779, General Francis McLean, who commanded the Kings' troops in Nova Scotia, entered Penobscot Bay, with 650 men in transports, escorted by three sloops, and took possession of the Peninsula (now called Castine) formed by the waters of Penobscot Bay, and the Majabagaduce River...
    http://www.rootsweb.com/~mecpenob/brewer.html

Peleg Wadsworth

The Wadsworths Maine Historical Society
...The Penobscot Expedition, as it came to be called, was one of the worst American military defeats of the war, resulting in the destruction of most of the American vessels.  Peleg Wadsworth organized and led the only "successful" part of the expedition – the retreat from Castine.  Paul Revere and Commodore Dudley Saltonstall, Commander of the Fleet, on the other hand, faced court-martial charges for their roles in the debacle...
    http://www.mainehistory.org/house_longfellows.shtml

Peleg Wadsworth's Great Escape by Pat Higgins
During the American Revolution, Maine found herself sandwiched between two warring parties.  With Montgomery and Arnold's failure to capture Quebec, new America found that it would be unable to carry Canada along with it to independence from Britain.  Less settled, less established and perhaps less civilized, Maine was in a precarious position at the edge of a new nation.  The British took advantage of the opportunity to invade eastern Maine in June 1779 with 750 troops under Francis McLean and a small squadron of three sloops under Capt. Henry Mowat, the destroyer of Falmouth.  The purpose of this invasion was to build a fort at Castine on the Majabagaduce Peninsular and lay the ground work to establish a new colony for their loyalist supporters.  It would be called New Ireland, sandwiched as it was between New England and New Scotland (Nova Scotia). Massachusetts saw this as a whittling away of its territory.  Without so much as a by your leave from the Continental Congress, Massachusetts raised an army of 1000 militiamen, as well as 20 transports and 19 armed ships, many privately owned... The ill-fated attack on the new British Fort George in July 1779 known as the Penobscot or Bagaduce Expedition was masterfully bungled.  In the end the militia was abandoned, the ships and transports were sunk or run aground, and Massachusetts was all but bankrupt....
    http://imaginemaine.com/Features/Archives/Wadsworth.html

Peleg Wadsworth Maine Memory Network
Peleg Wadsworth, 1748-1826 was a general in the American Revolutionary War and served in Congress.  During the Revolution he commanded troops in what is referred to as the Penobscot Expedition to remove British troops from Fort George at Castine, Maine.  The attempt was a failure.  Wadsworth was one of the few officers to emerge with an enhanced reputation.  He was captured by the British in 1781, but escaped. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was Peleg Wadsworth's grandson.
    http://www.mainememory.net/bin/Detail?ln=136&display=full_page

John Campbell's letter to Sir Henry Clinton, 22 June 1781 Maine Memory Network
John Campbell, serving at Fort George in June 22, 1781, wrote this letter to his commander, Sir Henry Clinton about the disposition of the British troops under his command, and the escape of General Peleg Wadsworth from imprisonment...
    http://www.mainememory.net/bin/Detail?ln=7480&in_size=298

Peleg Wadsworth's letter, 14 August 1779 Maine Memory Network
A letter describing the retreat of American troops during the Penobscot Expedition, written by Peleg Wadsworth on 14 August 1779, from the area near Castine...
    http://www.mainememory.net/bin/Detail?ln=9964&in_size=298



Canadian Privateering Privateers were privately owned warships
      Abstract of A Private War in the Caribbean: Nova Scotia Privateering 1793-1805
      Dan Conlin's M.A. Thesis explores privateering from the British Colonies in North American in the period between 1793 and 1805. It asks why individuals and communities turned to privateering and how they were affected by the enterprise. Existing literature on privateering, mostly popular and amateur work, has interpreted this activity as the product of either patriotism or greed. However a closer look indicates that economic necessity was the driving force...
      Privateering FAQ file
      Canadian Privateer Ship List
      The Private Ship of War Charles Mary Wentworth This report was sent to the British government in 1799 by the Governor of Nova Scotia, to demonstrate the effectiveness of Nova Scotian privateers. It is noteworthy for the ambitious scope of operations which include attacking and capturing Spanish island forts as well as chasing enemy shipping all over the Caribbean Sea...

War of 1812
(1812-1814)

To Great Britain the War of 1812 was simply a burdensome adjunct
of its greater struggle against Napoleonic France.
To the Canadians it was clearly a case of naked American aggression.
But to the Americans it was neither simple nor clear.
The United States entered the war with confused objectives...
Source:
Chapter 6: The War of 1812 American Military History, Army Historical Series
Office of the Chief of Military History, United States Army


1812, June 18 — An Act Declaring War Between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Dependencies Thereof and the United States of America and Their Territories
    http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/statutes/1812-01.htm

1812, July 6 — An Act for the Safe Keeping and Accommodation of Prisoners of War
    http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/statutes/1812-02.htm

1812, July 6 — An Act to Prohibit American Vessels from Proceeding to or Trading with the Enemies of the United States, and for Other Purposes ...That if any citizen or citizens of the United States, or person inhabiting the same, shall transport or attempt to transport, over land or otherwise, in any wagon, cart, sleigh, boat, or otherwise, naval or military stores, arms or the munitions of war, or any article of provision, from any place of the United States, to any place in Upper or Lower Canada, Nova Scotia or New Brunswick the wagon, cart, sleigh, boat, or the thing by-which the said naval or military stores, arms, or munitions of war or articles of provision are transported or attempted to be transported, together with such naval or military stores, army munitions of war or provisions, shall be forfeited to the use of the United States, and the person or persons aiding or privy to the same shall severally forfeit and pay to the use of the United States a sum equal in value to the wagon, cart, sleigh, boat, or thing by which the said naval or military stores, arms, or munitions of war or articles of provision, are transported, or are attempted to be transported; and shall moreover be considered as guilty of a misdemeanor, and be liable to be Sued in a sum not exceeding five hundred dollars, and imprisoned for a term not exceeding six months, in the discretion of the court...
    http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/statutes/1812-03.htm

1812, November 28 — A Provisional Agreement, for the Exchange of Naval Prisoners of War A Provisional Agreement, for the Exchange of Naval Prisoners of War made and concluded at Halifax, in the Province of Nova Scotia, on the 28th day of November, in the Year of Our Lord One Thousand Eight Hundred and Twelve, between the Government of Great Britain and the Government of the United States of America...
Article 3:   American Prisoners taken and brought within the Command of His Excellency the Admiral, shall be stationed for exchange at HALIFAX, QUEBEC, BRIDGETOWN in the Island of Barbadoes, and KINGSTON in the Island of Jamaica, and at no other ports.  And British Prisoners taken and brought into the United States of America, shall be stationed at BOSTON, NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA, and CHARLESTOWN, and at no other ports in the United States...
    http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/britian/cartpre.htm

1813, March 3 — An Act to Encourage the Destruction of the Armed Vessels of War of the Enemy ...during the present war with Great Britain, it shall be lawful for any person or persons to burn, sink, or destroy, any British armed vessel of war, except vessels coming as cartels or flags of truce; and for that purpose to use torpedoes, submarine instruments, or any other destructive machine whatever: and a bounty of one half the value of the armed vessel so burnt, sunk, or destroyed, and also one half the value of her guns, cargo, tackle, and apparel, shall be paid out of the treasury of the United States to such person or persons who shall effect the same...
    http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/statutes/1812-04.htm

1813, May 12 — Cartel for the exchange of prisoners of war between Great Britain and the United States of America The Provisional agreement for the exchange of naval prisoners of war made and concluded at Halifax in the province of Nova Scotia on the 28th day of November 1812 between the Honourable Richard John Uniacke His Britannic Majestys attorney and advocate General for the province of Nova Scotia and William Miller Esquire Lieutenant in the Royal navy and agent for Prisoners of War at Halifax; and John Mitchell Esquire late consul of the united states at St Jago de Cuba, american agent for Prisoners of war at Halifax...
    http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/britian/cart1812.htm

Deadman's Island — Prisoners of War, 1812-1814 Northwest Arm, Halifax
American Prisoners of War held at Halifax, Nova Scotia
    http://ns1763.ca/hfxrm/deadmansnd.html
Deadman's Island — Prisoners of War, 1812-1814
by Harrison Scott Baker II, President (1996-1999), War of 1812 Society in the State of Ohio
American Prisoners of War held at Halifax, Nova Scotia
The details of the War of 1812 are not known to many... One of the nearly-forgotten aspects of this war between the United States and the British Empire is the imprisonment of servicemen at Halifax, Nova Scotia.  In the harbor there, Great Britain had a prisoner of war internment camp and a prison hulk, the HMS Magnet. Men from the United States as well as from Napoleon's Armies were held there.  From 1812 through 1815 some 8,100 Americans went through the facility – 195 are still there on in an unmarked cemetery.  Some were army personnel, many being captured at the Battles of Beaver Dam and Lundy's Lane.  This includes men from the 6th, 14th, 16th, 21st and 23rd Army regiments.  Most were captured on the high seas, including crews from the frigate USS Chesapeake; the schooners Growler, Vixen and Julia; the brig Rattle Snake; sloop of war the Wasp; privateers Thomas, Enterprise, Montgomery, General Plummer, Cossack, York Town, Revenge, Lizard, Rolla, Snap Dragon, Saratoga, Diomede, Guerriere; merchantmen: Porcupine, Ulysses, Thomas, George, Nonsuch, Frolic, Three Sisters, Hazard, Montesella, Perseverance, Romp, Mary Ann, Hiram, Leander, Ten Brothers, Eagle, Isabella, Nancy, Wave, Sukey, Financier, Friendship, Jane, Flash, Ambitous, Experiment and the Fair American. There are sixty three Frenchmen and nine Spaniards interned there.  In addition there are 104 Negro slaves that died at Halifax who joined the British forces in the Chesapeake Bay area when the city of Washington, D.C., was captured and the attack on Baltimore occurred.
    http://www.udata.com/users/hsbaker/island.html

War of 1812: Prisoners of War, 1813
Lists of British prisoners confined in the goals of Concord and Portland, and of American Prisoners of war confined in the town goal (jail) at Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1 Sept 1813.  All in close confinement on retaliatory orders from the respective governments.
    http://www.cronab.demon.co.uk/PoW1.htm

War of 1812: Captures by Royal Naval vessels brought to Halifax (1812)
A List of Ships and Vessels, belonging to the Government or People of the United States of America, as having been brought as Prize within the Juristiction of the Vice-Admiralty Court at Haliiax, June-December 1812
    http://www.cronab.demon.co.uk/cap3.htm

The Standing Interrogatories
The 32 questions listed here are the Standing Interrogatories which were used in the War of 1812.  They are the questions which were put to the captured crew of a prize vessel and give a good indication of the range of material which can be found in Prize court records.  To be administered on behalf of Our Sovereign Lord George the Third... To all Commanders, Masters, Officers, mariners, and other Persons found on board any Ships and Vessels, which may have been, or shall be seized or taken as Prize by any of His Majesty's Ships or Vessels... examined as Witnesses in preparatory during the present hostilities with the United States of America.  Let each witness be interrogated to every of the following Questions; and their answers to each Interrogatory written down...
    http://www.maritime-scotland.com/interrog.html

The Canadian Privateering Homepage by Dan Conlin
    http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/~jacktar/privateering.html

Sir John Sherbrooke 1813-1814
Sherbrooke was the largest Canadian privateer in the War of 1812...
    http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/~jacktar/brigsherbrooke.html

Enos Collins and the Liverpool Packet
The Liverpool Packet was a captured slave-smuggling schooner purchased in 1811 by Enos Collins of Halifax.  In the War of 1812 she became the terror of New England.  Her daring captain, Joseph Barss, liked nothing better than to lie in wait off Cape Cod, snapping up American ships headed to Boston or New York... However, the Liverpool Packet was captured in 1813, renamed the Portsmouth Packet, and went to sea under American colours.  Before taking a single ship, she was retaken by the Royal Navy, returned to Halifax and soon returned to haunt Yankee ship owners under her old name.  By the war's end in 1814, the Packet had captured fifty American ships and begun the fortune that made Enos Collins the richest man in Canada when he died in 1871.
    http://destination-ns.com/content/stories/private.htm
Liverpool Packet's Letter of Marque
    http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/~jacktar/packetmarque.html

Prince of Neufchatel, American Privateer in the War of 1812
    http://www.maritime-scotland.com/princeINDEX.html

Overview: American Privateer, Prince of Neufchatel
...The American frigates were bigger, faster, tougher, and more lethal than their British counterparts and could defeat them in one-on-one conflict.  However, British numbers were far superior, and a British blockade eventually tied the frigates up in harbor... Piracy was illegal, of course, and pirates were hung.  What distinguished American privateers from pirates was the state of war between the United States and England and a Letter of Marque signed by the President...
    http://www.jmu.edu/madison/center/main_pages/madison_archives/
        life/war1812/privateer/overview.htm

William James
    http://www.maritime-scotland.com/james.html
A writer on naval history, William James was from 1801 to 1813 enrolled among the attorneys of the supreme court of Jamaica, and practised as a proctor in the vice-admiralty court.  In 1812 he was in the United States, and on the declaration of war with England was detained as a prisoner.  After several month's captivity he effected his escape, and reached Halifax towards the end of 1813... In March 1816 he published a pamphlet entitled "An Inquiry into the Merits of the Principal Naval Actions between Great Britain and the United States"... The excitement which the pamphlet caused both in Nova Scotia and the States was considerable...

The information below was compiled
by William James
from contemporary accounts

Naval Actions
USS Constitution HMS Guerriere 19 August 1812
USS Wasp HMS Frolic 18 September 1812
USS United-States HMS Macedonian 25 October 1812
USS Constitution HMS Java 28 December 1812
USS Hornet HMS Peacock 24 February 1813
USS Chesapeake HMS Shannon 1 June 1813
USS Argus HMS Pelican 14 August 1813
USS Enterprise HMS Boxer 5 September 1813
USS Essex HMS Phoebe 28 March 1814
USS Frolic HMS Orpheus 20 April 1814
USS Peacock HMS Epervier 29 April 1814
USS Wasp HMS Reindeer 28 June 1814
USS Wasp HMS Avon 1 September 1814
USS President HMS Endymion 15 January 1815
USS Constitution HMS Levant & Cyane 20 February 1815
USS Hornet HMS Penguin 23 March 1815
USS Peacock HEICS Nautilus 30 June 1815
HEIC: Honurable East India Company
HMS: His Majesty's Ship
USS: United States Ship
 		 

Privateer Actions
Saratoga Rachel 11 December 1812
Decatur HMS Dominica 5 August 1813
Chasseur HMS St. Lawrence 26 February 1815


Events of the War of 1812: A Chronology compiled by Robert Henderson
    http://www.warof1812.ca/1812events.htm

War of 1812

Shannon and Chesapeake

Chesapeake and Shannon: June 1812
The War of 1812 saw the last great sea battles waged under sail...
    http://www.millennium.ns.sympatico.ca/tallships/tallships_shannon.html
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this document:
Fifteen Minutes in History: the Shannon and the USS Chesapeake

Archived: 2000 September 29
http://web.archive.org/web/20000929172553/http://millennium.ns.sympatico.ca/tallships/tallships_shannon.html
Archived: 2001 July 24
http://web.archive.org/web/20010724053920/http://millennium.ns.sympatico.ca/tallships/tallships_shannon.html
Archived: 2002 December 30
http://web.archive.org/web/20021230045336/http://www.millennium.ns.sympatico.ca/tallships/tallships_shannon.html


Chesapeake and Shannon
Shannon, Halifax, 6 June 1813: Letter from Captain Philip Broke to Captain the Hon. T. Bladen
...The enemy made a desperate but disorderly resistance. The firing continued at all the gangways, and between the tops, but in two minutes time the enemy were driven sword in hand from every post.  The American flag was hauled down and the proud British Union floated triumphant over it.In another minute they ceased firing from below and called for quarter.  The whole of this service was achieved in 15 minutes from the commencement of the action...
    http://www.cronab.demon.co.uk/ches.htm

USS Chesapeake Engages HMS Shannon 1 June 1813
...On the 21st of March 1813, accompanied by the Tenedos, of the same force, and kept in nearly the same order, Captain Hyde Parker, the Shannon sailed from Halifax on a cruise in Boston bay.  On the 2nd of April the two frigates reconnoitred the harbour of Boston...
    http://www.maritime-scotland.com/shannon.html

USS Chesapeake Engages HMS Shannon 1 June 1813
...Many people assembled on the shores of Hull, Nahant and Marble-head on the ill-fated day June 1, 1813, to witness the conflict between the British "Shannon" and the American "Chesapeake." It was about luncheon time, and many of the wives complained because their husbands dropped their knives and forks when they heard the roar of the guns just north-east of Boston Light...
    http://www.kellscraft.com/EventsBoston/EventsBoston23.html

HMS Shannon and USS Chesapeake: Painting by John Wilson Carmichael
Christchurch Art Gallery, Christchurch, New Zealand
    http://www.christchurchartgallery.org.nz/Collection/Infosheets/69_522.pdf

Chesapeake and Shannon — Courts Martial
...William Brown was found guilty of cowardice and, after mature deliberation on the evidence, sentenced him to receive 300 lashes and be mulcted of his wages now due, and which may accrue to him during the remainder of his period of service.  The U.S. President mitigated the sentence by limiting it to 100 lashes.  John Russell was found guilty of gross misconduct during the battle and was sentenced to stoppage of wages...
Cox's name was officially cleared by President Harry Truman in April 1952.
    http://www.cronab.demon.co.uk/ches2.htm

Images: HMS Shannon captures USS Chesapeake, 1 June 1813
Department of the Navy – Naval Historical Center, Washington Navy Yard, Washington DC
    http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/war1812/atsea/ches-sn.htm
Image NH 42907: Action between USS Chesapeake and HMS Shannon, 1 June 1813
Artwork depicting the two frigates exchanging gunfire early in the battle, which took place off Boston, Massachusetts...
    http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h42000/h42907.jpg
Image NH 63177-KN: Commencement of the action between Chesapeake and Shannon
    http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h63000/h63177k.jpg
Image NH 63179-KN: HMS Shannon firing on USS Chesapeake
    http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h63000/h63179k.jpg
Image NH 63178-KN: HMS Shannon boarding USS Chesapeake
    http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h63000/h63179k.jpg
Image NH 63180-KN: HMS Shannon leads USS Chesapeake into Halifax Harbor, June 1813
    http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h63000/h63180k.jpg
Photo NH 63181: Description of the action between Chesapeake and Shannon...
    http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h63000/h63181.jpg

The Amazing Career of Lieutenant Provo Wallis of HMS Shannon
A fascinating footnote to the famous action between HMS Shannon and the USS Chesapeake off Boston Harbor in June 1813 is the effect it had on the career of Provo Wallis, second lieutenant of the British frigate, who went on to establish a record in the Royal Navy for length of service. Provo William Parry Wallis was born in Halifax on 12 May 1791... By the time of his death, Provo Wallis had officially served 96 years in the Royal Navy... This is a record for length of service that has never been bettered and it is not likely that it ever will be.
    http://www.warof1812.ca/wallis.htm

So Uneasy a Ship: The Unfortunate Career of the Frigate Chesapeake
...Chesapeake was taken to Halifax, Nova Scotia under the command of Capt. Alexander Gordon, and, after repairs, on to England.  She served in the Royal Navy under the command of Capt. Francis Newcombe, until placed in ordinary in 1816.  The ship was sold in 1820 to a cooper...
    http://www.cronab.demon.co.uk/ches1.htm

Light Squadrons and Single Ships 1813
Naval History of Great Britain, by William James
...Among the 325 prisoners, whose names were set down in the agent's book at Halifax, about 32, including the gunner, were recognised as British seamen.  This fellow was an Irishman, and went by the name of Matthew Rogers, by which name, but with, of course, a blank for his birth-place, he stands in the Washington Register formerly noticed by us.  It is probable that, had the Chesapeake been taken when Captain Evans commanded her, five times 32 traitors would have been found on board of her...
    http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/Naval_History/Vol_VI/P_208.html

Events of the War of 1812: A Chronology compiled by Robert Henderson
    http://www.warof1812.ca/1812events.htm

Chesapeake's Timbers Now Serve Ehgland The Virginian-Pilot, 2 June 1996
...the timbers of the USS frigate Chesapeake wound up being used as building materials for houses in Portsmouth, England... After her defeat by the Shannon, the Chesapeake was taken as a prize of war to Halifax, Nova Scotia.  From there she was sailed by her captors across the Atlantic to Portsmouth, England, where she was finally broken up, and much of her wood was used to construct houses...
    http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/VA-news/VA-Pilot/issues/1996/vp960602/05310624.htm

The Chesapeake's copper cooking pot
The history of the Shore Club, in Hubbards, Nova Scotia, goes back to 1813, and a battle between the US frigate Chesapeake and HMS Shannon... The defeated Chesapeake was taken to Halifax after the battle, where the Harnish family aquired the large copper cook-pot from the Chesapeake at a public auction.  It was put to use as a feed trough for the family dairy farm in Hubbards.  In the summer of 1936 The National Gyro Club contacted Guy Harnish about hosting a 'lobster supper' on Hubbards Beach.  The old pot was cleaned and polished and cooked its first meal in over 100 years...
    http://www.shoreclub.ca/history/

War of 1812

The only mention of Nova Scotia in Pierre Berton's two-volume history of the War of 1812

Note by ICS:  This is found in Pierre Berton's two-volume History of the War of 1812.  In the entire two volumes, this is the only mention of Halifax or Nova Scotia, or of any of the events that occurred on the North Atlantic Ocean during 1812-1814.  This single sentence is found in Berton's description of a minor encounter on the border between Quebec and New York state — someone in Quebec making a jocular passing reference.  I have great respect for Pierre Berton; he is a marvellous story-teller who has done more than anyone else to make Canadians more aware of their own history, but in his History of the War of 1812 he completely overlooked that part of the war that occurred on the east coast.  There is no mention of the capture of Bangor, or Castine, or any other event in Maine.  One could ask: just how successful would the defenders of Canada West and Canada East have been without the supplies and reinforcements sent from Britain across the Atlantic during 1812-1814?  The United States government was fully aware of the importance of this transatlantic supply line, and assigned substantial resources to an effort to establish an effective blockade to prevent supply ships from reaching the St. Lawrence River.  Without the naval base at Halifax, the American blockade would have far more effective, and crucial supplies and thousands of soldiers would have been prevented from reaching the defenders of Central Canada.

This is found on page 218 of volume two "Flames Across the Border 1813-1814" of Berton's history of the War of 1812.  Volume one, "The Invasion of Canada, 1812-1813" contains not a single word about events associated with east coast or the transatlantic supply line during this time.




This lack of awareness of Atlantic Canadian history is explained by the heavy concentration in Central Canada of the education of Canada's historians:
 Doctoral Theses and the Discipline of History in Canada, 1967 and 1985
William Acheson, President (1985-86) of the Canadian Historical Association, Ottawa
    http://www.cha-shc.ca/bilingue/addresses/1986.htm

The high degree of concentration of Canadian doctoral studies [in history] in a few universities gave a disproportionate influence in the discipline to a small group of distinguished scholars from these institutions... Within the Canadian field... more than half of all the doctoral theses in progress in 1967 were directed by eight men.  Of these, three were at Toronto, two at Laval, two at Western, and one at McGill... Geographically, nearly five out of six candidates were in Toronto, Quebec, Montreal, and London.  The remainder were sprinkled in niggardly fashion at Vancouver, Edmonton, and in several tiny programmes, none having as many as five candidates.  There appears to have been no effective programme in the Atlantic provinces...
(Bold-faced emphasis added)


War of 1812

Fort George at Castine, Maine by Frederick W. Chesson
    http://pages.cthome.net/fwc/forts.htm
Castine, Maine, is especially rich in forts, some sixteen having been erected since French traders built Fort Pentagoet in 1636.  In June of 1779, 650 British troops landed on the Penobscot Peninsula.  Castine was an ideal location from which to control the Penobscot River area with its valuable naval timber resources, and it was a good base for controlling Yankee privateers.  Accordingly, the British constructed Fort160;George, named in honor of King George III.  The British remained in Castine until a peace treaty had been signed in September of 1783.  Thirty-one years later, the British army returned for the War of 1812, ousting the Americans from nearby Fort Porter and reoccupying Fort George...

The Maine Connection to the War of 1812
    http://www.maine.gov/sos/cec/elec/voter_info/veteran/war1812.htm
At the time of the War of 1812, the District of Maine was still a part of Massachusetts... The 1807 Embargo and other trade restrictions profoundly affected Mainers, dependent as they were upon the sea for most manufactured goods coming into the District as well as the export of their principal products, lumber and fish.  All sorts of goods became scarce and inflation raised prices to unprecedented levels... The seizure by the British of the entire coast east of Penobscot Bay further deepened the economic hardships of the residents of Maine.  The Massachusetts Legislature refused to take any action to relieve or defend Maine... President Madison nationalized the Maine militia, but the Federal Government had no funds to support, arm, or equip the locals, who had to continue to endure the British occupation.  There were countless unpleasant incidents, some crops and stores were burned or destroyed... It should be noted, however, that one reason the British were reluctant to harm the inhabitants of the occupied area was that they claimed the entire region as part of Canada and did not want to inflame residents who, according to them, were by rights British subjects.  The actual boundary between Maine and Canada was not settled until 1842...

Embargo Act 1807
...no ship or vessel, having any cargo whatever on board, shall... be allowed to depart from any port of the United States for any other port or district of the United States, adjacent to the territories, colonies, or provinces of a foreign nation: nor shall any clearance be furnished to any ship or vessel bound as aforesaid, without special permission of the President of the United States... no foreign ship or vessel shall go from one port in the United States to another; and should any foreign ship or vessel, contrary to this section, go from one port of the United States to another the vessel with her cargo shall be wholly forfeited...
    http://www.jmu.edu/madison/center/main_pages/madison_archives/
          life/secretary/embargo.htm

Commentary: Embargo Act 1807
    http://www.jmu.edu/madison/center/main_pages/madison_archives/
          life/secretary/embargo2.htm

War of 1812 Unpopular in New England
    http://pages.cthome.net/fwc/forts.htm
War with England was declared on June 18, 1812.  It was greatly unpopular in New England where comerce suffered ruinous losses.  In December, 1814, a Special Convention met at Hartford, Connecticut, and passed resolutions advocating outright Secession from the United States.  That summer, a British flotilla, headed by the 74-gun Bulwark raided the New England coast, raising invasion alarms and causing a general militia mobilization...

War of 1812 (James Madison biography)
...Today this war is regarded in U.S. government texts as a stalemate as best... The attempted invasions of Canada were unsuccessful... Hundreds of privateers sailed from New England looking for British prizes, but the state militias stayed home.  Massachusetts even declined to defend Maine which was then part of Massachusetts – Maine was not to forget the injury and acquired its own statehood in 1820...
    http://www.jmu.edu/madison/center/main_pages/madison_archives/
          life/biography/biomenu/war.htm

The Hartford Convention Dec 1814
    http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_040800_hartfordconv.htm
The Hartford Convention grew out of New England Federalists' opposition to the War of 1812.  Because of their close trading ties to Great Britain, the New England states had tried to prevent the declaration of war in June 1812, and that summer, both Massachusetts and Connecticut refused to contribute militia to the federal government.  In spite of an embargo enacted by Congress in December 1813, New Englanders continued to sell supplies to British troops in Canada and to British vessels offshore.  This lively demand for wartime provisions benefited New England, as did the enhanced market for domestic manufactures, but the overall loss of trade offset these benefits... The fact that the delegates had discussed secession, though they ended by rejecting it, set an early precedent for the idea that secession was an available choice for states dissatisfied with national policies...

The Hartford Convention Dec 1814
    http://www.ctheritage.org/encyclopedia/ct1763_1818/hartconv.htm
The War of 1812 was very unpopular in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island.  The wartime trade restrictions were especially severe in Massachusetts.  Dissatisfaction was so intense by 1814 that leading Massachusetts Federalists called for a meeting of delegates from all New England states to discuss grievances, means of common defense, and possible changes in the Federal Constitution...

History of Bangor, Maine
    http://bangorinfo.com/history.html
...Thirty-five years later, in 1814, the British returned in the War of 1812 and hammered American forces in the Battle of Hampden, which borders Bangor to the south, before moving on to Bangor and forcing its selectmen to surrender unconditionally... The British captured 80 Americans as prisoners of war... After forcing the Bangor selectmen to surrender their town, the British looted shops and homes and occupied the town for thirty hours. Before leaving, they threatened to burn ships in Bangor's harbor and unfinished ships on stocks. The Bangor selectmen feared the fires from the ships on stocks would spread into the town and destroy everything, so they struck a deal with the British in which they put up a bond and promised to deliver the ships by the end of November. With the bond and the frightened Americans' promise to deliver the unfinished ships, the British floated the seaworthy ships into the middle of the Penobscot and set ablaze all but two ships, one brig, six schooners, and three sloops. They then took the remaining ships, horses and cattle back to their post in Castine, which they occupied until 26 April 1815, when they left for Canada...

The Capitulation of Maine, September 1814 by R. Taylor
    http://members.tripod.com/~war1812/batmaine.html
On 1st September 1814 the British arrived off the coast of Maine... Their objective was the town of Castine, at the mouth of the Penobscot River... While the British landed with a force totaling 2,000 regulars, the Americans blew up the fort and then abandoned it... On the morning of September 3rd the British landed three miles below Hampden and quickly defeated the local militia of about 1,400... The British forces continued up river to Bangor.  The town surrendered... The British occupied Machias without firing a shot... The British were preparing to advance inland on the 13th of September when they recieved a letter of capitulation from the senior American militia officers of the county... The British accepted the capitulation and this brought the campaign to a close.  Trade between the ports of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and New England opened again following the Rear Admiral's proclamation of September 15th... One other proclamation was issued jointly by Rear Admiral Griffith and Lieutenant General Sherbrooke, to appoint a customs official at Castine and a new Governor for this new British territory.  No hostile acts were directed at the British forces in Maine, the people were too busy with uninterupted trade with Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to care about a war that they did not want in the first place...

The Border Dispute: How the Maine-New Brunswick border was settled
    http://www.upperstjohn.com/history/northeastborder.htm
At the time of the War of 1812 – and continuing until 1842 – both Great Britain and the United States claimed both sides of the upper St.John River valley.  During the War of 1812, this question of the border between New Brunswick and Maine was almost settled... The war itself was very unpopular in New England; indeed, immediately following the declaration of war by the US against Great Britain, the residents of Eastport, Maine – just across the border from New Brunswick – "unanimously voted to preserve a good understanding with the Inhabitants of New Brunswick and to discountenance all depredations upon the possessions of each other."  In September 1814, following US attacks on Upper Canada (including the burning and pillaging of the capital, York, now named Toronto), British forces moved to take control of Eastern Maine, succeeding in gaining possession of that part of the state east of the Penobscot River, including Belfast, Bangor and Machias.  British control was partially due to the fact that the residents of that area capitulated without much resistance, and in return received a guarantee that trade between eastern Maine and New Brunswick and Nova Scotia would be allowed to continue unhindered.  This move was encouraged by New Brunswick authorities, who were hoping to permanently move their western border further westwards...

Inscription found on a plaque at the remains of Fort George Castine, Maine
    http://www.coastlinememories.com/castine.points.interest.fort.george.html
Occupied by the British 1779-1783 and 1814-1815
Occupied by the United States 1784-1814 and 1815-1819
This fortress, originally known by its garrison as Fort Penobscot... received its present official designation... upon its completion in December 1779.  It was begun in June, and unsuccessfully besieged July 29 - August 13, by the combined land and naval forces of the Penobscot Expedition.  Fort George was the last post surrendered by the British at the close of War for Independence. They again occupied the fort on September 1, 1814, rebuilt and mounted it with 60 cannon and evacuated the second time April 15-27, 1815.  The fort was immediately taken into possession by the United States.  It was again rebuilt, strengthened and garrisoned until March 1819, when it was permanently abandoned as a military post...

Map showing the location of Castine and Fort George
Map showing the location of Castine

The Penobscot River (above) was the
western boundary of Nova Scotia, 1763-1783.


Inscription on a plaque found at Fort Madison Castine, Maine
    http://www.coastlinememories.com/castine.points.interest.fort.madison.html
Built by the United States - 1811 and mounted with four 24 pound guns.  Garrisoned 1814 by a detachment of US artillery commanded by Lt. A. Lewis.  Upon the approach of the British Fleet, September 1, 1814 this officer discharged and spiked his cannon, blew up the magazine, then withdrew his forces to Portland.  Occupied by the enemy September 1, 1814 through April 14, 1815 it was named by them Fort Castine and at a later date sometimes called Fort Porter.

Maine's Unluckiest Privateer
    http://imaginemaine.com/Features/Archives/HyderAlly.html
...With the end of their war against Napoleon in April 1814, the British had more energy and resources to pit against the Americans.  By August 1814, British were blockading the harbor at Portland, Maine, in earnest.  By September they captured Castine and held the Maine coast east of the Penobscot.  Rumors abounded in Portland warning that "a large fleet with troops" under the flagship Bulwark had left Castine headed westward towards Portland.  Indeed, the British were very bold and sailed daily up to the lighthouse scaring the dickens out of Portlanders, but the promised fleet did not materialize.  Many moved their goods and families off the neck to safety.  Gov. Strong called up 600 militiamen from Cumberland and Oxford Counties to defend Portland.  More defenses were built around the area.  Portland appropriated $10,000 for public defense.  Much of the excitement was driven, in large part, by rumor...

British Troops in North America, 1812-1814 by Donald E. Graves
    http://www.warof1812.ca/redcoats.htm
On 6 April 1814, as allied armies closed in on Paris, Napoleon Bonaparte, emperor of the French, abdicated his throne, bringing to an end almost two decades of ceaseless warfare in Europe. A few days later, Lord Bathurst, Colonial Secretary and the British cabinet minister primarily responsible for overseas military strategy, informed Lieutenant General Sir George Prevost, commander of the forces in North America, that he would shortly be receiving massive reinforcements. This was welcome news for Prevost who, for nearly two years, had been trying to defend Britain's Canadian colonies, conscious that his was only a secondary theatre and that he could not expect major increases in his strength until the main objective – the defeat of Napoleon – had been accomplished. That had come to pass and, over the next eight months, the number of British regular troops in North America would more than double – from 19,477 to 48,163 officers and men...

Castine and Dalhousie University

The Occupation of Castine
September 1814 – April 1815

Probably the most unusual source of funding for any Canadian college
was that of Dalhousie University, which was founded in 1818 under the
name of College of Halifax. A large portion of its original endowment came
from customs duties collected at Castine, now in the State of Maine but
then in Massachusetts, while that port was occupied during the War of 1812
by a British force based in Halifax, Nova Scotia.


The Castine Fund
In 1818, George Ramsay, the 9th Earl of Dalhousie, who was Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia at the time, used £12,000 – known as The Castine Fund – to establish a college that would become a learning centre for all, regardless of class or creed. The money was the spoils of war. Castine, a small port in Maine, was being used during the War of 1812 as a base by American privateers who harassed shipping along the eastern seaboard. Lord Dalhousie sent a Royal Navy force from Halifax to capture Castine and turn it into a Customs port of entry. When the war ended, the Navy returned to Halifax with the money it had collected as Customs duties. Lord Dalhousie invested £7,000 as an endowment for the college and put aside £3,000 for its construction. The earl, whose home, Dalhousie Castle, was near Edinburgh, wanted the new college to be modelled on the university in the Scottish capital and to adhere to the principles of religious toleration...
    http://science.dal.ca/fos_2259.html

Footnotes, Historical Narrative, Overview of the War of 1812
Records of the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, Called out by the Governor of Massachusetts to suppress a Threatened Invasion during the War of 1812-1814
published 1913, by Brig. Genl. Gardner W. Pearson, Adjutant General of Massachusetts
    http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ma/state/military/militia/hist.html
• Immediately after the capture of Castine, the British government there established a Custom-house, or excise house, and appointed a Collector of Customs, who from that time until the twenty-fourth of April 1815, continued to receive entries of vessels and merchandise, conformably to the laws and regulations in the province of Nova Scotia. During this period many merchants residing at Castine imported goods and entered them with the said British Collector paying duties thereon to the British government.
• The funds collected at this port by the British Custom-house authorities were used as an endowment for Dalhousie College, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
• The British authorities collected the Revenue of Maine while in occupation which amounted to a considerable sum of money. This fund was placed by the colonial minister in the hands of the Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia who appropriated it in various ways as he thought most beneficial for Nova Scotia. It was from this fund that Dalhousie College was afterwards built.
• The sum of £9,750 was then remaining in the hands of the Governor from the revenues collected at Castine while the State of Maine was in the hands of the British troops. This sum Lord Dalhousie obtained the permission of the Colonial Secretary to appropriate towards the erection of a college in Halifax on the model of the Scots Universities.



On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies
    http://www.royalprovincial.com   (This site opened 7 February 2000.)
Greetings to all those who are in search of Americans who remained Loyal to the British Crown during the War for Independence. Within you will find a combination of information we believe to be unique among sites dealing with the Loyalists of the American Revolution. It is our goal to provide reliable, high quality material on the Loyalists...
What is a Loyalist? For our purposes, we define a Loyalist as any inhabitant of North America, from Newfoundland to Nicaragua inclusive, plus the islands of the West Indies, Bermuda and Jamaica, who served in a military capacity for the British, or provided services of a military nature or other beneficial services to the Crown. This definition includes those who fought in the war and remained in America afterward, those who deserted, those who settled outside of America afterward, and those who were discharged or died during the war...

Nova Scotia Loyalists and Military
    http://www.quintinpublications.com/nsmilitary.html

Loyalists of Digby, Nova Scotia by Paul J. Bunnell
As in many areas of loyalist Canada, Digby, Nova Scotia presented some great men from the people who supported Great Britain during the American Revolution. John Edison was one of these settlers of Digby; another was Isaac Bonnell, intimate friend and correspondent of New Jersey Governor William Franklin, son of Benjamin Franklin...
    http://www.rootsweb.com/~nsdigby/lists/article1.htm

The Atlantic Colonies and the Wars ...there were clashes between Loyalist opposition forces in the Nova Scotia Assembly and the pre-Loyalist old-guard in the Council — which indeed led to the Assembly securing the right to bring in money bills, and even to impeach Supreme Court judges for corruption and incompetence...
    http://www.canadianheritage.org/books/
        canada5.htm#The%20Atlantic%20Colonies%20and%20the%20Wars

Nova Scotia Loyalist Pages
Unfortunately, this site has disappeared. It was located at http://www.buckingham-press.com/loyalist.html It contained lists of Americans who supported the British Crown during the American Revolution and fled to Nova Scotia, and related information, including — Port Roseway Associated Loyalists of Shelburne, Nova Scotia, 1783 — Westchester Refugees of Westchester County, New York — The Nova Scotia Loyalist List...
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this website:
Nova Scotia Loyalist Pages

Archived: 1997 April 1
http://web.archive.org/web/19970401034306/http://www.buckingham-press.com/loyalist.html
Archived: 1997 April 15
http://web.archive.org/web/19970415221316/http://www.buckingham-press.com/loyalist.html



American Civil War
(1861-1865)
Events connected with Nova Scotia

Confederate Operations in Canada
More and more people in British North America, adjacent to the United States – Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Canada East (Quebec) and Canada West (Ontario) – began to see a Southern victory as their best defence and guarantee of independence. There was a growing fear of annexation. The Trent Affair in November 1861, and the Chesapeake incident in Halifax Harbour in December 1863, served to heighten the tension between the North and British North America...
    http://www.civilwarhistory.com/010300/confederate_operations_in_canada.htm

The Trent Affair The Illustrated London News, 21 December 1861
The Trent Outrage...
    http://www.collectionscanada.ca/2/18/h18-253-e.html

Skirmish in Halifax Harbour between
the Confederate States and the Union Government
December 1863

Note: The ship Chesapeake involved in this action
is not the Chesapeake that was captured by HMS Shannon in 1813.

The Chesapeake Affair (1863) The Halifax British Colonist, 22 December 1863
The excitement in Halifax on Saturday last exceeded anything witnessed here for some time. It was only during the morning of that day that the fact became generally known that three men had been illegally seized by the officers of the Federal (United States) gunboats in port...
    http://www.collectionscanada.ca/2/18/h18-252-e.html

The Chesapeake
Department of the Navy – Naval Historical Center, Washington Navy Yard, Washington DC
Chesapeake was the wooden steamer Totten, built in Philadelphia in 1853 and first registered there. In 1857, Totten was rebuilt and renamed Chesapeake – owned by a New York shipping company, it was described at that time as schooner-rigged with single funnel... On 7 December 1863, Chesapeake was captured by a group acting in the name of the Confederacy under alleged authority of a second-hand letter of marque issued 27 October to the former captain of a privateer sold as unseaworthy in Nassau some months earlier... On 12 December 1863, Chesapeake coaled (replenished its fuel) at Shelburne, Nova Scotia, shipped four men and was seeking enough fuel to make Wilmington, North Carolina. USS Ella & Annie captured Chesapeake on the morning of the 17th, in Sambro, a small harbor near the entrance to Halifax Harbour, with three crewmen...
    http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/cfa2/chesapeake.htm




(1)   A Bill for the admission of the States of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Canada East, and Canada West...
On 2 July 1866, a bill was introduced in the United States Congress, calling for the admission or annexation of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Lower and Upper Canada...
    http://www.collectionscanada.ca/2/18/h18-246-e.html

(2)   A Bill for the admission of the States of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Canada East, and Canada West...
On 2 July 1866, a bill was introduced in the United States Congress, calling for the admission or annexation of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Lower and Upper Canada...
For the purpose of representation in the U.S. Congress, Prince Edward Island shall be part of Nova Scotia...
    http://alts.net/ns1625/nshist10.html#annex1866

Photograph: The Edgar Cecil loading cannon at Halifax during the American Civil War
    http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/h18/f4/nlc001851-v4.gif

CSS Tallahassee

CSS: Confederate States Steamship

CSS Tallahassee, 1864, Captain John Taylor Wood
Marauders of the Sea, Confederate Merchant Raiders During the American Civil War
...Wood's ship was down to but 40 tons of coal, he had to stop his rampaging, go into Halifax, quickly recoal, and return to his hunting grounds. At Halifax, as one would expect, the US Consul Mortimer M. Jackson, quickly sent off the vital information about the whereabouts of the Confederate ship to Welles, next he tried to stop any coaling assistance...
    http://www.ahoy.tk-jk.net/MaraudersCivilWar/CSSTallahassee.html

CSS Tallahassee Makes Daring Escape by Ron Low
...Captain Wood agonized over the route he should take to attempt an escape from Halifax. Providence now began to play a part. After looking at marine charts, he made a bold decision to make his getaway through the seldom used eastern passage on the far side of McNab's Island...
    http://hub.dataline.net.au/~tfoen/tallahassee.htm

Escape of the Tallahasse, the Largest Steamer That Ever Passed Through the Channel
by H.W. Hewitt, in the Dartmouth Patriot, 26 October 1901
...Never before had so large a steamer gone through that shallow channel and never since has the achievement been paralleled. Down to Lawlor's Island the water is deep enough to float the largest ship in the world, but between it and the mainland it is shallow. The notoriety of the escape arises from the passage through this narrow and shallow channel, so difficult to traverse that no watch was kept for vessels coming out that way. Even that most careful of all bodies, the British War Department, considered the Passage impassable so that little or no attention was paid to fortifying the eastern side of the harbour...
    http://www.rootsweb.com/~nshalifa/Ch26.html

History of CSS Tallahassee
    http://www.tcs.ednet.ns.ca/history.htm

(1)   Confederate Seadog: John Taylor Wood in War and Exile by John Bell
...John Taylor Wood had a leading role among the members of the little-known postwar Confederate naval colony in Halifax, Nova Scotia...
    http://www.mcfarlandpub.com/book-2.php?isbn=0-7864-1352-2

(2)   Confederate Seadog: John Taylor Wood in War and Exile by John Bell
...After the Civil War, John Taylor Wood became a successful businessman and leading citizen of Halifax, Nova Scotia, the port from which he avoided capture by taking the Tallahassee through a narrow passage previously thought to be un-navigable to ships of Tallahassee's size...
    http://www.civilwarnews.com/reviews/bookreviews.cfm?ID=472



Print Culture in the Maritimes
(A revised version of the 1997 paper: History of the Book in the Maritimes)
...From the beginning of European settlement, books and other printed materials have figured in the life of what is now the Maritime Provinces of Canada. As early as 1606, Marc Lescarbot, a Parisian lawyer and author, brought a modest library with him when he travelled to Port Royal (now Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia), and religious and scientific texts played a significant role in the life of the French fortress at Louisbourg in the eighteenth century. But it was not until the founding of Halifax by the British in 1749 that printers and book binders arrived in the colony. Here printing was introduced in 1752 with the launching of The Halifax Gazette, the first newspaper in the country. From this location printing spread throughout the region and throughout the country...
    http://www.hbic.library.utoronto.ca/fconfmarit_en.htm

Books: Nova Scotia History Quintin Publications, Pawtucket, Rhode Island
County histories, shipwrecks...
    http://www.quintinpublications.com/nshistory.html

Royal William


   There is a lot of misinformation about the Royal William.   

Part of the problem is that there were two steam ships named
Royal William — both were built in the 1830s and both crossed
the North Atlantic in the 1830s.  This creates much confusion,
and facts which are true of one of them are often reported as
being true of the other.

There are also statements of "fact" that simply are wrong. The
most prominent of these is the statement that Royal William
was the first ship to cross the Atlantic entirely by steam.
This is not true. 

False: Royal William was the first ship
to cross the Atlantic entirely by steam.

True: Royal William was the first ship
to cross the Atlantic under steam all the way.

Royal William crossed the Atlantic in 1833, powered partly
by steam and partly by sail.  The two steam engines were kept
running all the way across, but propulsion assistance from the
sails was used whenever the wind was in the right direction.

Actually, the statement that the "engines were kept running all the way across"
needs qualification.  Several sources — probably one source if you trace them
all back to the original — report that the engines were kept running continuously
except that, once every four days, Royal William's machinery was stopped for a
few hours to clean accumulated salt from the boilers.  To people familiar with
steam machinery, this sounds plausible.

Every steam boiler must be supplied with lots of water to replace that taken
from the boiler as steam.  This replacement water — called feed water —
must be fed continuously and in quantity.  For every kilogram of steam taken
from the boiler, a kilogram of feed water must be supplied.  Where does this
feed water come from?  For a boiler on land, the feed water can be obtained
from a nearby stream or pond, but what about a boiler in a ship at sea? 

When a ship is at sea, there's lots of water available for boiler feed, but it is
salt water.  When salt water is fed to a boiler, the water is evaporated away but
the salt remains in the boiler.  As the boiler produces steam for the engines,
salt is building up in the boiler.  For a steamship running a coastal route,
stopping frequently at ports along the way, the salt accumulation in the boiler
can be flushed out whenever the vessel is stopped to unload and reload. 

Steamships crossing the North Atlantic in the 1830s and 1840s were under
way for two or three weeks at a time.  At this early stage of development of
steam technology, the boilers had to be cleaned of salt after just a few days of
operation.  This required the steam machinery to be stopped for a few hours.

While the steam machinery was stopped, the ship could continue under sail
– when the wind was right – but slowly because the paddle wheels were still in
the water and caused a lot of drag when stopped.  (This drag from the paddles
when stopped was a strong incentive for keeping the ship's engines running at
all times.)

The solution to salt buildup in the boilers was to find a way to provide fresh
(unsalted) feed water.  Condensed exhaust steam from the engines became
the main source of good feed water.

By the way, this problem – providing the boilers with fresh feed water – remains
a problem to this day (2007).  For example, the United States operates
twelve nuclear aircraft carriers, all with steam-powered propulsion.  At full
speed – about 280,000 horsepower – each carrier requires about
1,300,000 litres of feedwater per hour, mostly obtained by condensing exhaust
steam.  These carriers have on duty at all times a specially-trained officer
responsible for the feedwater supply.

Almost certainly, the first crossing wholly by steam power
was a westbound trip, toward North America.  The prevailing
wind is such that eastbound trips were much more likely to
be able to use sail assistance.  On the North Atlantic,
wind blowing toward the west is much rarer than wind blowing
toward the east.

The distinction of being the first ship to cross the
Atlantic Ocean solely by steam power, with no help from the
sails at any time, seems to belong to Sirius, which
departed Cork, Ireland, on 4 April 1838 and arrived in New York
on 22 April 1838.



Royal William of 1831
Designed for service between Quebec and the Maritime Provinces, Royal William (named for William IV) was built for the Quebec and Halifax Steam Navigation Company, of which Samuel Cunard was a part owner. After a successful first season during which she completed three round trips between Quebec and Halifax, Royal William was quarantined in 1832 because of a cholera epidemic...
    http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/ships/html/sh_078300_royalwilliam.htm

Royal William of 1831
    http://www.bruzelius.info/Nautica/Ships/Royal_William.html

Royal William of 1831 There were two early steamers (steam ships) named Royal William. This article is about the first Royal William, built in 1831, which steamed out of Pictou, Nova Scotia, in 1833 to be the first ship to cross the Atlantic under steam all the way. The second Royal William, built in 1837, crossed the Atlantic in 1838...
    http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/Arrivals/RoyWil33.htm

Royal William stamp
    http://www.mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/e/stmp204.htm



The Ships List Eighteenth and nineteenth century passenger lists, schedules, ship specifications, wreck data, and other information which is not readily available, has been collected for an assortment of ships, along with links to other sites of interest. This website is an excellent resource.
    http://www.theshipslist.com/
      Britannia, Cunard Line from the Illustrated London News, 23 October 1847
Pictures of Britannia, the first ship built for Cunard's transatlantic service
    http://www.theshipslist.com/pictures/britannia.htm
      Immigration Report of 1865 for Nova Scotia
    http://www.theshipslist.com/Forms/Immreport1865ns.html
      Cunard Sailings of 1849 A very detailed presentation of each and every trip of a Cunard steamship in 1849 on the North Atlantic service from Liverpool, England, to Boston and New York, with a stop at Halifax both westbound and eastbound.
    http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/Arrivals/cunard1849.htm
      Cunard Line, The British and North American Royal Mail Steam Packet Company, Cunard Steamship Company Samuel Cunard and two partners formed the British and North American Royal Mail Steam Packet Company in 1840. The company's name was changed to the Cunard Steamship Company, Limited in 1878...
    http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/cunard.html

Cunard Steamship Society John G. Langley
    http://cunardsteamshipsociety.com/

Register of Ships transcribed from the Lloyd's Register, 1764-2003, by Gilbert Provost
    http://www.reach.net/~sc001198/Lloyds.htm

Basic Guide to Researching Nova Scotian Ships and Seafarers
    http://museum.gov.ns.ca/mma/research/researchguide.html

The Atlantic Blue Riband The Atlantic Blue Riband began not as an actual trophy, but a metaphorical reward for being the fastest ship to cross the Atlantic ... The paddlewheeler Britannia, owned and operated by the North American Royal Mail Steam Packet Company, was the first holder of the Blue Riband when, in 1840, it covered the stretch from Liverpool, England, to Halifax, Nova Scotia, at ten knots 18km/h.
    http://www.fundia.se/structuralsteel/insight/tec/3.htm

The Blue Riband of the North Atlantic was awarded to the ship that made the fastest transatlantic crossing. Actually, the award consisted of two prizes — one for eastbound crossings and one for westbound...
    http://www.greatoceanliners.net/riband.html
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this document:
The Blue Riband of the North Atlantic

Archived: 2000 August 17
http://web.archive.org/web/20000817012114/http://user.tninet.se/~xqf528b/riband.html
Archived: 2001 May 18
http://web.archive.org/web/20010518131452/http://www.greatoceanliners.net/riband.html
Archived: 2002 June 14
http://web.archive.org/web/20020614190103/http://www.greatoceanliners.net/riband.html
Archived: 2003 February 15
http://web.archive.org/web/20030215011106/http://www.greatoceanliners.net/riband.html
Blue Riband: Westbound Crossings

Archived: 2000 August 26
http://web.archive.org/web/20000826230123/user.tninet.se/~xqf528b/riband_west.html
Archived: 2002 December 22
http://web.archive.org/web/20021222054144/http://www.greatoceanliners.net/riband_west.html
Blue Riband: Eastbound Crossings

Archived: 2000 August 26
http://web.archive.org/web/20000826230137/user.tninet.se/~xqf528b/riband_east.html
Archived: 2002 December 22
http://web.archive.org/web/20021222053841/www.greatoceanliners.net/riband_east.html


The Blue Riband of The North Atlantic Westbound and Eastbound
    http://www.greatships.net/riband.html

History of the Hales Trophy for the Blue Riband of The AtlanticThe era of the trans-Atlantic steamships dates from August 17, 1833, when the Royal William set out on the first crossing under steam power. As ships became more technically sophisticated, a gentlemen's rivalry grew among owners of steamship lines who sought to mark the shortest crossing time between Europe and America. By the end of the 19th century, the rivalry had begotten the Blue Riband, the prize awarded to the fastest trans-Atlantic steamship, which entitled that vessel to fly a large blue ribbon as a symbol of the honor. In 1935 Harold Keates Hales, a former member of the British Parliament, donated another emblem to honor speed supremacy on the Atlantic — the Hales Trophy. In 1933, Hales commissioned the trophy to be fabricated by Henry Pidduck & Sons Ltd., well-known silversmiths of Hanley, England...
    http://www.sealetter.com/Dec-98/newpara2.html

The Blue Riband by Arnd Stroeh
The Blue Riband is awarded to the ship that makes the fastest transatlantic crossing. The challenge finds its birth in 1833 when for the first time ever a ship that relied mainly on steam power crossed the Atlantic Ocean: it was the Royal William...
    http://web.bryant.edu/~history/h364proj/fall_98/stroeh/blu_ribnd.htm
The Decline of trans-Atlantic Passenger Ships, 1945-1960 Travel Statistics
By the early 1950s, more people were crossing the North Atalntic by air than by sea...
    http://web.bryant.edu/~history/h364proj/fall_98/stroeh/trvldata.htm

New Blue Riband record, July 1998 CAT-LINK V, a 91 metre (300 feet) car and passenger double-hulled catamaran ferry with four diesel engines generating 34,000 horsepower, crossed the Atlantic from New York to Bishop Rock outside Southampton, Britain, in 2 days, 20 hours and 9 minutes — the first such voyage in under three days.
    http://www.put.com/gigantic/haltro.html

R.M.S. Titanic
and Nova Scotia

With the largest concentration of Titanic victims' graves in the world
at Halifax, it can be said the Titanic's only voyage really ended here.

Note:
Titanic was not a Cunard ship.
Titanic was a White Star ship,
two decades before the merger
of White Star with Cunard
in 1934.


Titanic and Halifax Halifax is where the maiden voyage of Titanic really ended, with the most lasting legacy from the sinking located here...
    http://titanic.gov.ns.ca/

Titanic Victims Buried in Halifax This list was prepared by Bob Knuckle of Dundas, Ontario. There are 150 Titanic victims buried in Halifax, the largest number anywhere in the world. This list includes all victims buried in Halifax, arranged by name, with unknown victims listed at the end by number. Another 119 bodies of Titanic victims were recovered but buried at sea and 59 more were shipped home to relatives...
    http://museum.gov.ns.ca/mma/titanic/victims.htm

Titanic Cemeteries, Halifax Regional Municipality
    http://www.region.halifax.ns.ca/history/titanicmain.html

Garth Wangemann's Titanic Graves website Striking map of graves at Fairview Cemetery
    http://my.execpc.com/~reva/fv2.htm

Transcript of the Actual Radio Messages Sent by Titanic and Rescue Ships
    http://www.geocities.com/TimesSquare/Cauldron/5807/Titanic/message.html

Bill Wormstedt's Titanic webpage
    http://home.att.net/~wormstedt/titanic/index.html

Titanic coverage by the Truro Daily News Transcribed clippings from the Truro Daily News, Truro, Nova Scotia, 15, 16, 17 April 1912
    http://nsonline.com/titanic/news.htm


Yarmouth County Museum & Archives
    http://yarmouthcountymuseum.ednet.ns.ca/index.htm

Titanic's Mystery Ship

Almost everyone is familiar with the sinking of the famous Titanic. Fewer know of the story behind the "mystery ship". Why would a vessel within five miles of the foundering Titanic shut off her lights and steam away? Many people wonder whether the tales of another ship are true and, if so, why did she disappear into the night and not respond to the distress calls of the floundering Titanic? Here's the solution to this mystery, including the ultimate fate of the mystery ship near Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, in 1952.
    http://www.ycn.library.ns.ca/museum/titanic/titanic.htm
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this document:
Titanic's Mystery Ship
by the Yarmouth County Museum

Archived: 1999 February 24
http://web.archive.org/web/19990224232852/http://ycn.library.ns.ca/museum/titanic/titanic.htm
Archived: 1999 October 8
http://web.archive.org/web/19991008125346/http://www.ycn.library.ns.ca/museum/titanic/titanic.htm
Archived: 2000 August 18
http://web.archive.org/web/20000818213521/http://ycn.library.ns.ca/museum/titanic/titanic.htm
Archived: 2001 June 24
http://web.archive.org/web/20010624120911/http://www.ycn.library.ns.ca/museum/titanic/titanic.htm
Archived: 2002 February 22
http://web.archive.org/web/20020222024814/http://www.ycn.library.ns.ca/museum/titanic/titanic.htm


Telegram: Titanic Disaster
15 April 1912

Telegram 1912 Titanic
Captain Rostron of Carpathia informs AP New York of Titanic disaster
Source: http://home.iprimus.com.au/oseagram/tgram.html


Mackay-Bennett Departs from Halifax
17 April 1912

The cable ship Mackay-Bennett, usually assigned to the laying and repair of undersea telegraph cables, steamed out of Halifax Harbour on this day on the voyage for which this ship will always be remembered — to search the surface of the North Atlantic 600 kilometres off Newfoundland for bodies of victims of the Titanic disaster. Titanic had gone to the bottom shortly after 2am on 15 April. Carpathia had picked up most of the survivors on 15 April, but had retrieved only a very few bodies.

Under the command of captain Frederick Larnder [this is the correct spelling], Mackay-Bennett departed from what is now (1998) Karlsen's Wharf, north of the site of the new Halifax Casino. Before the ship sailed, tons of ice had been placed in the holds, and a hundred wooden coffins and embalming supplies taken on board. Several undertakers and Canon Kenneth Hind of All Saints Cathedral were on the ship. At daylight on 21 April, Mackay-Bennett lowered boats amid large waves and dangerous ice floes, and began retrieving bodies floating on the water. A crew member reported that "as far as the eye could see the ocean was strewn with wreckage and debris with bodies bobbing up and down in the cold sea." The undertakers on board started embalming procedures while the search continued.

On 22 April, a crewman on Mackay-Bennett wrote: "This day we picked up 27 bodies, Col. John Jacob Astor among them. Everybody had on a lifebelt and bodies floated very high in the water in spite of sodden clothes and things in pockets." On Astor, the 47-year old New York multimillionaire, they found a belt with a gold buckle, a gold watch, gold-and-diamond cufflinks, a diamond ring, $2440 in US money, and £225 in British money.

Mackay-Bennett recovered 306 bodies but ran out of supplies and 116 bodies were buried at sea, weighted with iron which had been brought for that purpose. Mackay-Bennett returned to Halifax with 190 bodies. A few days later Minia found another 17 bodies.

Sources:
Embalmers from Across Maritimes Called in for Titanic by Shirley Hill,
      in the Halifax Chronicle-Herald, 10 April 1998
Volume 1 Number 2 of The Sunday Herald, Halifax, 26 April 1998
Halifax Daily News, 10 August 1999
The Globe and Mail, 9 October 1999

Mackay-Bennett Returns to Halifax
30 April 1912

On this day, the cable ship Mackay-Bennett steamed into Halifax Harbour with the bodies of 190 Titanic victims. Crewmen lined the rails, and a tarpaulin covered a pile of bodies on deck. The ship had run out of coffins. Mackay-Bennett tied up at the Halifax Dockyard on the east side of Barrington Street, now (1998) under the Angus L. Macdonald Bridge. Horse-drawn hearses awaited the ship's arrival.

Shirley Hill wrote: "Even in death the class distinctions were maintained as the unloading began with the bodies of first-class passengers in coffins, second and third class in canvas bags, and bodies of crewmembers on stretchers." Some families came to claim bodies of their loved ones and made their own funeral arrangements. The rest, unclaimed or unidentified, were buried in local cemeteries — 19 in Mount Olivet, 10 in Baron de Hirsch, and 121 in Fairview. The White Star Line paid for gravestones with the victim's number, and name if known.

The 121 graves in Fairview Lawn Cemetery on Windsor Street in Halifax, constitute the largest concentration in the world of Titanic victims; including John Law Hume, the ship's violinist, and Ernest Edward Samuel Freeman, personal secretary to Bruce Ismay, President of the White Star Line. Ismay paid for the special headstone at Freeman's grave.

[Excerpted from:
Embalmers from Across Maritimes Called in for Titanic by Shirley Hill,
in the Halifax Chronicle-Herald, 10 April 1998]


Role of the Mackay-Bennett in the Titanic Disaster
    http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~capstick/titanic.html
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this document:
Role of the Mackay-Bennett in the Titanic Disaster

Archived: 1999 October 11
http://web.archive.org/web/19991011195323/http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~capstick/titanic.html
Archived: 2000 December 7
http://web.archive.org/web/20001207063100/http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~capstick/titanic.html
Archived: 2001 April 19
http://web.archive.org/web/20010419165045/http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~capstick/titanic.html
Archived: 2001 October 6
http://web.archive.org/web/20011006235226/http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~capstick/titanic.html


The name Mackay-Bennett

The Cable Ship Mackay-Bennett was named for the two founders of the
Commercial Cable Company, which was incorporated in New York in 1883.

James Gordon Bennett (1841-1918) (the younger) was the owner
of the New York Herald newspaper, having inherited it from his father
James Gordon Bennett (the elder).

John William Mackay (1831-1902) had made a fortune in mining after
emigrating in 1840 to the United States from Ireland; in 1859 he joined the
rush to Nevada, where silver had been discovered. Mackay and J.G. Fair,
later joined by William Shoney O'Brien and J.C. Flood, acquired control
of valuable silver mines, which yielded them great fortunes.

Bennett and Mackay both used telegrams extensively in their businesses,
and wished to compete with the Anglo-American Company and others, which
at that time had formed a syndicate known as "The Pool", and enjoyed a near
monopoly of transatlantic traffic while being able to keep telegraph rates high
and profits large. The two men agreed to work together to found a new
transatlantic telegraph company in 1883. The Commercial Cable Company
quickly laid two undersea telegraph cables from Europe, landing the North
American ends at Hazel Hill, near Canso, Nova Scotia.

To maintain these cables the company kept a specially-designed cable ship,
the Mackay-Bennett, in Halifax, ready to go to sea at any time on short
notice if a cable failed.

Source: http://alts.net/ns1625/nshist17.html

Cable Ship Mackay-Bennett by Bill Glover
    http://www.atlantic-cable.com/Cableships/MacBen/

Cable Ship Mackay-Bennett Encyclopedia Titanica

Bodies Recovered by the Cable Ship Mackay-Bennett Encyclopedia Titanica

Cable Ship Minia Encyclopedia Titanica

Mackay-Bennett's Search for Bodies from Titanic Encyclopedia Titanica
Halifax Evening Mail, 30 April 1912

Chapter XXI: The Funeral Ship and Its Dead by Jay Henry Mowbray, 1912
    http://gaslight.mtroyal.ca/titnch21.htm


Titanic by nsonline: a collection of links, information, Nova Scotian newspaper stories, photos and other interesting facts about one of the world's most compelling marine disasters, and the parts that Nova Scotia played in its aftermath...
    http://nsonline.com/titanic/index.html

The Marconi Wireless Installation in R.M.S. Titanic by Parks Stephenson
    http://titanic.marconigraph.com/mgy_wireless.html

The Marconi Wireless in R.M.S. Titanic The Shipbuilder, Vol. VI, Midsummer 1911
    http://www.copperas.com/titanic/marconi.htm



Nova Scotia: Book cover Coal for Burning Coal Was There for Burning, by Charles Henry Milsom (1926-1996) 88 pages published 1975 by the Institute of Marine Engineers, London, ISBN 0900976500
Only the loss of the Titanic surpasses the horror of the wreck of the Atlantic, and coincidentally both vessels were owned by the White Star Line. This is the dramatic story of the loss of the Atlantic which was wrecked on the rocks off Nova Scotia and which rates amongst the worst sea disasters the world has known. This compelling account of the tragedy reports the decisions and blunders leading up to the loss of the ship and the heavy loss of life, as well as portraying the appalling suffering of the survivors and their hazardous rescue.
    http://www.imare.org.uk/pubs/books/bookpage.asp?ID=38
    http://www.imarest.org/publications/

Treacherous Waters A great many ships have been wrecked off Nova Scotia's foggy shores
    http://www.cangeo.ca/Magazine/ND01/alacarte.html

1866: Fever and Cholera on the steamship England
    http://www.rootsweb.com/~nshalifa/Ch6.html
The S.S. England of the National Steam Navigation Company, a well-appointed ship, left Liverpool, England on March 28th, 1866 with over 1200 passengers on board, many more than allowed by the emigration regulations of Great Britain. Four days after leaving Queenston a boy was found dead alongside his mother. Cholera had broken out and as many as 15 emigrants died in one day. Up to the time of making Halifax 46 had succumbed and 30 were on the sick list. Ship's fever raged along with the cholera. Finding it impossible to reach her port of destination, New York, the steamer was headed for Halifax which port she made on the night of April 8th, 1866. She came to quarantine and all night long the silence of the calm night was broken by the sounds made in making coffins. Next morning (April 9) the yellow flag was hoisted and help signalled for. The deck was heaped with coffins. Permission having been given four boat loads of coffined emigrants were conveyed to the island where they were buried. The steamer was ordered to anchor at Meagher's Beach ... As near as could be estimated, 200 died after the arrival of the England at Halifax. This with the number who died on the voyage brings up the total mortality to about 250. The names could not be ascertained for a healthy man in the morning might be a corpse before noon. The captain of the England claimed that 100 escaped from the island. This may or may not be true. The pilot who brought the England into port died. Two of his children also died...
S.S. England Passenger List taken at New York, May 11th, 1866
    http://members.iquest.net/~joemilr/list.htm

History of the International Fisherman's Trophy
    http://www.bluenose2.ns.ca/public_html/english/history.html

Ships and Seafarers of Atlantic Canada
    http://www.mun.ca/mha/publications.php
Available by mail from the Memorial University of Newfoundland
Price (non-Canadian residents) C$54.95
Canadian residents add 7% GST for a price, tax included, of C$58.80
A fully searchable CD containing data on the vessels, captains and crews of Atlantic Canada, 1787-1936. This CD contains information on the shipping industry of Atlantic Canada, derived from two British record series, structured as three interactive databases that allow the user to search, sort and query the data. The first database is compiled from the Certificates of Registry for ten major ports of Atlantic Canada: Miramichi, Richibucto and Saint John in New Brunswick; Halifax, Sydney, Pictou, Windsor and Yarmouth in Nova Scotia; Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island; and St. John's, Newfoundland, from 1787 to 1936 (outside dates). It contains information on the vesses registered at each port and on their owners. Shipping registers for the port of Bermuda are also included on the database. The second database is compiled from the crew agreements of vessels registered in the ports of Saint John, New Brunswick; Yarmouth, Windsor and Halifax, Nova Scotia for the period 1863-1914. This file contains information on the masters and seafarers who crewed the vessels, their ports of call and voyages. In total the file contains information on 182,000 seafarers and 20,000 masters of Atlantic Canadian vessels. A third database contains a one per cent sample of crew agreements from non-Canadian (British) vessels which was compiled for comparative purposes. The data is arranged in the same format as the file described above and contains 85,000 records of individual seamen and 19,000 records of masters. There are a total of approximately 1,700,000 locations specified for crew and master birthplaces; master, owner and managing owner residences; where ships were built, previously registered or subsequently sold; and voyage ports of call.

Nova Scotia History An extensive collection of links to websites containing nuggets of Nova Scotia history
    http://www.islandnet.com/~jveinot/cghl/nova-scotia.html

Slaves
in Nova Scotia

Slaves in Isle Royale (Cape Breton Island) by Kenneth Donovan
Between 1713 and 1758, there were at least 266 slaves in Ile Royal, mostly in Louisbourg... In 1734 there were 28 slaves in Louisbourg... In Halifax in 1749 there were 14 enslaved black people... By 1759 there were 3,604 slaves in Canada...
    http://www.learnersportal.com/kdint.html

Slavery in Canada and The First Wave
We northerners have maintained a bit of a 'holier than thou' attitude about the widespread use of slaves in the southern States.  If one were to ask if Canada ever had slaves, many Canadians would respond with an indignant 'no', yet we did have slaves...
    http://www.highway7.com/t_culture/culture_0402_black_heritage2.html


Advertisement: Negro Man, for Nova Scotia
Ad in New York newspaper, July 1783
For sale: Negro Man, for Nova Scotia

Enlarged view


Nova Scotia Slave Ads

Runaway Slave Ad, Nova Scotia
    http://museum.gov.ns.ca/blackloyalists/18001900/Objects1800/runaway_lg.htm
Comment:  This image was placed online by Nova Scotia Archives and Records Management.
They somehow overlooked identifying this advertisement – published when? where?
That's the kind of basic information one would think that an archive
would be sure to include for a historic document like this.

Twenty Dollars Reward
Ran away, on Thursday evening, the
18th inst a Negro Man Servant, the
property of the Subscriber, named BEL-
FAST ; but who commonly goes by the
name of BILL, —— -At the time of he
elopement he was in the service of William
Forsyth, Esq ; and had meditated an at-
tempt to get on board a ship that night
which lay in the harbour, bound to Newfoundland ; but was
frustrated : It is probable, however, he may still endeavour to
escape that way, therefore, the masters of all coasters going
along shore, or other vessels bound to sea, are hereby forewarn-
ed from carrying him off at their peril, as they will be prose-
cuted, if discovered, with the utmost rigour of the law.
    The above reward will be paid to any person or persons who
shall apprenend and secure him, so that I may recover him a-
gain.
    He is a likely, stout-made fellow, of five feet eight or nine
inches high, and about 27 years of age ; of a mild good coun-
tenance and features, smooth black skin, with very white
teeth ; is a native of South Carolina, speaks good English,
and very softly, and has been in this Province ten years.
    When he went off, he wore an old Bath-Coating short coat,
of a light colour, wore out at the elbows ; brown cloth or
duffil trowsers, also much wore at the knees ; a round hat,
and an old black silk handkerchief about his neck :— But as
he had other cloaths secreted in town, he may have changed
his whole apparel.
    He will no doubt endeavour to pass for a free man, and
possibly by some other name.
MICHAEL WALLACE


Note: In this ad, "the 18th inst" means the 18th day of this month.
"Subscriber" means Michael Wallace, the person who inserted the ad.


Runaway Slave Ad, Nova Scotia
Runaway Slave Ad, Nova Scotia
Halifax Weekly Chronicle, 15 March 1794
View the complete advertisement

To Be Sold At Auction 3 November 1760
    http://alts.net/ns1625/slaves01.html



Former Slaves in Nova Scotia

Between 1783 and 1785, more than 3000 Black persons
came to Nova Scotia as a direct result of the American Revolution
and the circumstances associated with it

These circumstances include:
• the decision by Lord Mansfield in the Somersett case in England, 1772
• the Proclamation by Lord Dunmore, Governor of Virginia, Nov. 1775
• the Virginia Legislature's Response to Lord Dunmore's Proclamation, Dec. 1775
• the Philipsburg Proclamation, 1779

England's Slave Law: Does It Apply in the Colonies? Massachusetts, Nova Scotia...
In June 1772, James Somersett sued for his freedom in English courts. Somersett, a slave taken to England by his master Charles Stuart, ran away but was recaptured and bound for Jamaica. Lord Mansfield, Chief Justice of the King's Bench, ruled that Somersett be released because slavery is "so odious, that nothing can be suffered to support it..." His decision outlawed slavery in England, but did not apply to British colonies. When the news reached the colonies however, American slaves began petitioning for their own freedom. The General Court in Boston received in January 1773 the first petition in which a slave argued that the Mansfield decision should apply to the colonies. Mansfield's decision was not extended to the colonies in this instance, but it provided fodder for the belief of many slaves that their best chance for freedom lay with the British. They believed the British held a widely different view of slavery than the majority of Americans...
    http://fas-history.rutgers.edu/~clemens/AfricanAmericansRevolution.html

Proclamation by Lord Dunmore, the last Royal Governor of Virginia 7 November 1775
...I do hereby further declare all indented Servants, Negroes, or others, (appertaining to Rebels,) free that are able and willing to bear Arms, they joining His Majesty's Troops as soon as may be...
    http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/205/301/ic/cdc/blackloyalists/documents/official/dunmore.htm

7 Nov. 1775: Proclamation by Lord Dunmore, Governor of Virginia by WGBH
...Word of Dunmore's plan was known as early as April 1775, when a group of slaves presented themselves to him to volunteer their services. He delayed the decision by ordering them away, but the Virginia slaveholders' suspicions were not allayed. On 8 June 1775, Dunmore left Williamsburg, taking refuge aboard the man-of-war Fowey at Yorktown. Over the next five months, he reinforced his troops by engaging in a series of raids and inviting slaves aboard the ship. On November 7, Dunmore drafted a proclamation, and a week later he ordered its publication....
    http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2h42.html
Image: Lord Dunmore's Proclamation
    http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2h42b.html

Virginia Legislature's Response to Lord Dunmore's Proclamation 14 December 1775
WHEREAS lord Dunmore, by his proclamation, dated on board the ship William, off Norfolk, the 7th day of November 1775, hath offered freedom to such able-bodied slaves as are willing to join him, and take up arms, against the good people of this colony... it is enacted, that all negro or other slaves, conspiring to rebel or make insurrection, shall suffer death, and be excluded all benefit of clergy...
    http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/205/301/ic/cdc/blackloyalists/documents/official/virginia_response.htm

Dunmore did not intend to emancipate all slaves and indentured servants. He owned slaves himself and did not free them during this revolutionary period. Dunmore offered freedom only to those able-bodied slaves belonging to rebels and he did not want to provoke mass slave rebellion. Within a month he had nearly 300 blacks in his regiment. By the following summer at least 800 blacks had joined Dunmore's troops...
    http://fas-history.rutgers.edu/~clemens/AfricanAmericansRevolution.html

Philipsburg Proclamation 1779
The Philipsburg Proclamation expanded Dunmore's Proclamation to include any rebel slave who could escape, ready to serve for the British or not, anywhere in the rebel colonies... Slaves who revolted in the years following the Philipsburg Proclamation were often put to work in captured plantations to grow food for the British Army...
    http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/205/301/ic/cdc/blackloyalists/story/revolution/philipsburg.htm

Lord Dunmore's Proclamation: Causes and Effects by Jamie Morgan
...The colonists immediately responded to Lord Dunmore's Proclamation by intimidating their slaves with threats, tightening security around slaves and by making examples of caught runaways. Only a few days after the Proclamation was issued, a letter from a slave owner was printed in the Virginia Gazette trying to discourage slaves from seeking their freedom. The slave owner who wrote this letter opened by reminding slaves that "to none is freedom promised but to such as are able to do Lord Dunmore's service [bear arms]". He then went on to threaten the slaves by saying that if they were to run away, the family members that they would leave behind will suffer on their behalf. He therefore urged them to "remain the property of their masters, masters who will be provoked to severity, should part of their slaves desert them"... Runaways who were caught were publicly beaten until their blood ran on the ground, and their wounds were then washed with salt. After this horrible ordeal they were forced to immediately return to work...
    http://oprfhs.org/division/history/interpretations/2002interp/Morgan,Jamie.doc
    Note: Oak Park and River Forest High School (OPRFHS), Oak Park, Illinois

African Captives Yolked in Pairs
    http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1h316b.html

Slave Code of the Colony of Virginia 1705
...If any slave resist his master... correcting such slave, and shall happen to be killed in such correction... the master shall be free of all punishment... as if such accident never happened... For minor offences, such as associating with whites, slaves would be whipped, branded, or maimed...
    http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1p268.html

Book of Negroes by WGBH
Sir Guy Carleton assigned three men to compile a register of Negroes who were eligible for evacuation from New York, and the Continental Congress appointed a three-man commission to inspect and supervise the process. For the next several months the British board and the American commission met each Wednesday in New York City at the Queen's Head, a tavern owned by Samuel Fraunces, a free black, and reviewed cases brought by slaveowners...
    http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2h58.html
Image: one page of the Book of Negroes
    http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2h58b.html

Book of Negroes by the Nova Scotia Government
This book is a hand-written list of Black passengers leaving New York on British ships in 1783. It gives a name, age, physical description, and status (slave or free) for each passenger, and often an owner's name and place of residence. Three copies of the Book of Negroes exist: one in England, at the Public Records Office, Kew; one in the United States, at the National Archives, Washington; and one in Canada, at the Nova Scotia Archives, University Avenue, Halifax...
    http://museum.gov.ns.ca/blackloyalists/17751800/Objects1775/booknegroes.htm

Certificate of Freedom, issued 21 April 1783 in New York City to Cato Ramsay
    http://museum.gov.ns.ca/blackloyalists/17751800/Objects1775/certificate_lg.htm

Nova Scotia: Slavery and Freedom, 1749-1782
    http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsarm/virtual/africanns/ch1.asp
Halifax: Captain Thomas Bloss RN brought sixteen black slaves to Halifax, 1750
    http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsarm/virtual/africanns/archives.asp?ID=2
Halifax: Fugitive slave advertisement, 1 September 1772
    http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsarm/virtual/africanns/archives.asp?ID=13
Halifax: Advertisement, Boy For Sale, 28 March 1775
    http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsarm/virtual/africanns/archives.asp?ID=14
Windsor: Sale of Slave, 1779
    http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsarm/virtual/africanns/archives.asp?ID=16
Falmouth, Hants County: Runaway Slave advertisement, 22 May 1781
This ad shows that slaveholding was an integral part of the fabric of everyday life in Nova Scotia in the 1700s.
    http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsarm/virtual/africanns/archives.asp?ID=19

Nova Scotia: Free Black Immigrants and Slaves, 1783-1792
From the beginning enslaved African Nova Scotians challenged slavery by escaping from it.  Some free African Nova Scotians who were enslaved or re-enslaved courageously protested their treatment in court...
    http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsarm/virtual/africanns/ch2.asp

Nova Scotia: The Decline and Disappearance of Slavery, 1793-1812
    http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsarm/virtual/africanns/ch3.asp
Halifax: Runaway slave advertisement, 15 March 1794
    http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsarm/virtual/africanns/archives.asp?ID=75
Shelburne: "Peter's services were sold to Zebulon Perkins of Liverpool", April 1794
    http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsarm/virtual/africanns/archives.asp?ID=76
Digby: Deed of Sale of a Slave Child, July 1796
    http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsarm/virtual/africanns/archives.asp?ID=78
Halifax: Advertisement about Runaway Indentured Servant, 11 June 1799
    http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsarm/virtual/africanns/archives.asp?ID=91
Halifax: Advertisement for Lease of a Woman Slave, 24 June 1800
    http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsarm/virtual/africanns/archives.asp?ID=95
Kings County: Slaves Included in Inventory of Property of the Deceased, 1802
    http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsarm/virtual/africanns/archives.asp?ID=98

Nova Scotia: "Black Refugee" Immigrants, 1813-1834
    http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsarm/virtual/africanns/ch4.asp
Several Hundred Black Refugees Arrive at Halifax, 3 September 1814
"...a Transport with a few hundred Negroes (dead and alive)..."
    http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsarm/virtual/africanns/archives.asp?ID=116
Nova Scotia: An Act to Prevent the Clandestine Landing of Liberated Slaves, April 1834
    http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsarm/virtual/africanns/archives.asp?ID=206

Excellent Collection of Links to Information on Slavery in the United States
These links point to much additional information about the circumstances faced by Blacks in the United States in the 1750s-1770s — the context in which they had to decide which side to join after it became clear in 1783 the the British had lost the American War of Independence.
    http://www.american-buddha.com/slavery.htm

Slavery, Abolition, and Emancipation: Links and Web Resources
There are thousands of pages on the web that deal with slavery, abolition, and emancipation. This page offers links to a few of them....
    http://www.brycchancarey.com/slavery/links.htm

Boston King

Boston King
Boston King was one of the many enslaved African Americans – perhaps as many as 100,000 – who risked punishment and even death [in the 1770s] in order to reach the British lines and a chance at freedom... In 1776, British troops under the command of General Billy Howe captured New York City. The city continued to be a British stronghold for the duration of the war, and large numbers of enslaved blacks sought refuge there... Prior to the evacuation of New York, Congress instructed General Washington to obtain American property held by the British, including slaves, as stipulated under the terms of the agreement signed in Paris in November, 1782. Sir Guy Carleton, negotiating on behalf of the British, dismayed the Americans when he expressed an intention to honor the proclamations of freedom issued by previous commanders... After his conversion to Methodism in 1786, Boston King began to preach in Birchtown and Shelburne in Nova Scotia, eventually moving to Preston...
    http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/~ah900/tree/history.html

Famine of 1787
...the country was visited with a dreadful famine, which not only prevailed at Burch Town, but likewise at Chebucto, Annapolis, Digby and other places. Many of the poor people were compelled to sell their best gowns for five pounds of flour, in order to support life. When they had parted with all their clothes, even to their blankets, several of them fell down dead in the streets, thro' hunger. Some killed and eat their dogs and cats, and poverty and distress prevailed on every side...
  — Boston King
    http://museum.gov.ns.ca/blackloyalists/17751800/events1775/famine.htm

Memoirs of Boston King Methodist Magazine, March 1798
    http://museum.gov.ns.ca/blackloyalists/17751800/Objects1775/religpub_lg.htm

Memoirs of Boston King: The complete text Methodist Magazine, March 1798
    http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/205/301/ic/cdc/blackloyalists/documents/diaries/king-memoirs.htm

Legal Racial Discrimination
in Nova Scotia

Viola Desmond
On November 8, 1946, Viola Desmond attended a movie at the Roseland Theatre in New Glasgow, Nova Scotia. She was arrested for choosing to sit downstairs in the racially segregated theatre, rather than upstairs in the balcony (where Blacks were forced to sit). She was thrown in jail for 12 hours and then finally charged with "attempting to defraud the Federal Government." The charge was based on her refusal to pay the one cent amusement tax difference between the 3 cents tax charged to those sitting in the balcony and the 2 cents charged to those sitting downstairs. She was sentenced to a fine of $20 and 30 days in prison...
    http://www.bccns.com/viola.htm

History of How Blacks Came to Nova Scotia
Mississippi State University /msstate.edu/
    http://www.msstate.edu/listarchives/afrigeneas/199701/msg00383.html



Joshua Slocum
(20 Feb 1844 - 1909)

Sailing Alone Around the World Captain Joshua Slocum's book (online site #1)
    http://www.arthur-ransome.org/ar/literary/slocum2.htm

Sailing Alone Around the World Captain Joshua Slocum's book (online site #2)
    http://www.rtpnet.org/robroy/books/js/saaw.htm

Sailing Alone Around the World Captain Joshua Slocum's book (online site #3)
    http://www.bluemoment.com/slocum.html

Joshua Slocum Society International
    http://home.nycap.rr.com/sailingalone/
Joshua Slocum Society International ew Official Website, November 2001
    http://www.joshuaslocumsocietyintl.org/

Around the World Alone Smithsonian Magazine, May 1998
    http://www.smithsonianmag.si.edu/smithsonian/issues98/may98/around_world.html

Joshua Slocum memorial Westport, Nova Scotia
    http://ns1763.ca/digbyco/slocumjmem.html

Books about Joshua Slocum
    http://members.aol.com/clopes7081/josh.htm

The Slocum Spray Society of Australia
    http://www.slocumspraysociety.asn.au/

In the Wake of the Spray
    http://users.bigpond.com/kristan.slack/
Photographs of the original Spray
    http://users.bigpond.com/kristan.slack/original.htm

Joshua Slocum Centennial Page by the Millicent Library, Fairhaven, Massachusetts
    http://www.millicentlibrary.org/slocum.htm



Railways

The saga of the Samson, Canada's Oldest Locomotive
    http://www.parl.ns.ca/samson/index.htm
Pictures of the Samson
    http://www.parl.ns.ca/samson/images.htm
Excellent maps showing the railway travelled by the Samson
    http://www.parl.ns.ca/samson/route.htm

Nova Scotia Railway Heritage Society NSRHS website startup: 10 February 2003
    http://novascotiarailwayheritage.com/index.htm
Historical Nova Scotian Railway Photographs Canadian National Railway stations
    http://novascotiarailwayheritage.com/photos.htm
Historical Nova Scotian Railway Photographs Dominion Atlantic Railway stations
    http://novascotiarailwayheritage.com/photos2.htm

History of Railway Companies in Nova Scotia
    http://alts.net/ns1625/railways.html



Boat-hunting in Nova Scotia The year 1996 was declared "Year of the Wooden Boat" in Nova Scotia, and we are always being encouraged to celebrate those eclectic, small craft which have figured so prominently in our history...
    http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/205/301/ic/cdc/natural/wooden/index.html

This website was launched at a ceremony in Halifax on 6 October 1999. Senator Willie Moore was there, representing the federal Department of Industry.  The provincial Department of Education was represented by Michael Jeffery, Director of Learning Resources and Technology. Both departments supported the development of this website.
[The Halifax Daily News, 7 October 1999]

History of Sweeny's Funeral Home Bridgewater
    http://www.sweenysfuneralhome.com/history.html

History of Thompson's Moving & Storage Middleton
In 1947 the company opened its first terminal in Halifax...
    http://thompsonsmoving.ca/history.html

History of Clare Beverage Company Meteghan — cases of 24 bottles sold for 85¢...
    http://www.grassroutes.com/clare/historye.htm

History of the Golden Horse Fountain Yarmouth 1893-2004
The fountain had two drinking troughs for horses and cattle. It had four smaller and lower troughs for dogs and sheep...
    http://www.yarmouthvillages.com/town/history/horsef1.htm

Rum_Running Days in Yarmouth
    http://www.yarmouthvillages.com/town/history/rumrun/index~1.htm

History of Public Transit in Yarmouth
The electric railway operated 1892-1928...
    http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~wyatt/alltime/yarmouth-ns.html

History of the Village of Greenwood
    http://www.greenwoodnovascotia.com/villagehistory.html

History of Weymouth
    http://www.weymouthnovascotia.com/history.html

History of Nauss Brothers Limited Bridgewater
Building supplies, general contracting, manufacturer of roof trusses
Johnann Christopher Nauss left his home Palheinhe and his country from Rottingham, Germany aboard The Gale on 9 January 1752. He arrived in Halifax eight months later on 6 September 1752...
    http://www.naussbros.com/company_history.html

History of Silver's Garage, Bridgewater
    http://www.silversgarage.ns.ca/history.htm
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this document:
History of Silver's Garage
Bridgewater

Archived: 2001 April 6
http://web.archive.org/web/20010406072404/http://www.silversgarage.ns.ca/history.htm
Archived: 2002 October 4
http://web.archive.org/web/20021004040659/http://www.silversgarage.ns.ca/history.htm
Archived: 2003 June 17
http://web.archive.org/web/20030617153543/http://www.silversgarage.ns.ca/history.htm


History of Evangeline Motors started in Aylesford in 1956...
    http://www.evangelinemotors.ca/history.html

History of the Bedford Fire Department
    http://bedfordfiredepartment.com/history.htm

History of Springhill
    http://town.springhill.ns.ca/History/History%20Main/history1.htm
Springhill Firsts History Nuggets about the Town of Springhill
    http://town.springhill.ns.ca/History/firsts.htm
The Great Colliery Explosion 21 February 1891
    http://town.springhill.ns.ca/History/1891/1891_disaster.htm

Age of Sail Heritage Centre, Port Greville
    http://www.geocities.com/ageofsail/aoshistory.htm

A brief history of Curling in Nova Scotia The Royal Caledonian Curling Club of Scotland bestowed the powers of a Branch on the Halifax Curling Club in 1851...
    http://www.geocities.com/murphyj87/Nova_Scotia/history.html

History of Golf in Nova Scotia
    http://www.nsga.ns.ca/nsgahistoryslice.htm

A Brief History of Valley Chapter Royal Arch Masons, Middleton
    http://www.geocities.com/valley16_1999/history_1.html

Chapter X: Louisburg, Fort Duquesne, and the Fall of Quebec online e-book
New France and New England, by John Fiske
published 1902 by Houghton, Mifflin, and Company
...On the twenty-eighth day of May, 1758, there sailed out from Halifax an English force which was to undertake the reduction of Louisburg. It was commanded by Admiral Boscawen, who had twenty-three ships-of-the-line and eighteen frigates along with a fleet of transports carrying eleven thousand British regulars and five hundred colonial militia. The land force was commanded by the new general-in-chief for America, Sir Jeffrey Amherst. It was the 2nd of June when this powerful force arrived in Gabarus Bay...
    http://www.dinsdoc.com/fiske-1-10.htm

Medical History Society of Nova Scotia has been working since 1968 to collect, preserve, conserve, research, and interpret the medical heritage of Nova Scotia...
    http://mhmnss.medicine.dal.ca/
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this website:
Medical History Museum of Nova Scotia

Archived: 1999 February 22
http://web.archive.org/web/19990222124855/http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/~ai659/Profile.html
Archived: 2000 May 9
http://web.archive.org/web/20000509034614/http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/~ai659/Profile.html
Archived: 2001 August 5
http://web.archive.org/web/20010805123715/http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/~ai659/Profile.html
Archived: 2002 June 7
http://web.archive.org/web/20020607181919/http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/~ai659/Profile.html

History of the Nova Scotia Rifle Association The NSRA has been in continuous operation for more than 130 years and is older than Canada as a country. It is the second oldest Rifle Association in the Commonwealth.
    http://www3.ns.sympatico.ca/nsrifle/history.htm

Nova Scotia Archives and Records Management
(Formerly PANS, Public Archives of Nova Scotia)
    http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsarm/
          Halifax and its People, 1749-1999
    http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsarm/virtual/halifax/
          Halifax 1749-1999, Transportation and Communications
    http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsarm/virtual/halifax/ch9.asp?Search=&SearchList1=9

1849: Communications between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick A collection of "clippings" from New Brunswick sources containing information about transportation and communications links between New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in 1849.
    http://alts.net/ns1625/nb1849.html

History of Maritime Command Museum Halifax
    http://www.pspmembers.com/marcommuseum/history.html

Greenwood Military Aviation Museum
    http://gmam.ca/index.htm

History of CFB Shearwater United States Naval Air Station Halifax 1918-1919
...On 15 August 1918, Lieutenant Richard Evelyn Byrd, United States Navy, (later an Admiral renowned for his polar exploits) established United States Naval Air Station Halifax at Baker's Point on the Dartmouth side of Halifax harbour. Lieutenant Byrd assumed direct command of the station at Halifax and acted as liaison officer between the American and Canadian governments in naval aviation matters. Crates containing the first two Curtiss HS-2L seaplanes arrived in Halifax by railway train on 17th August and were barged across the harbour to the Dartmouth air station. The first aircraft was assembled and successfully test flown two days later and the first operational patrol was flown 25 August 1918; maritime patrol aviation in Canada had begun...
    http://www.shearwateraviationmuseum.ns.ca/history/index.htm

Brief History of Chester Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia
    http://www.chesterbound.com/history.htm

Blandford and Area Historical Society Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia
    http://www.aspotoganpeninsula.com/historical.htm

Fieldwood Heritage Society Canning, Kings County
    http://fieldwoodhs.ednet.ns.ca/index.html

Wolfville Historical Society Canning, Kings County
    http://wolfvillehs.ednet.ns.ca/index.html

Whycocomagh and District Historical Society
    http://museum.gov.ns.ca/musdir/whycocomagh&districthistoricalsociety.htm

Early Canadiana Online (formerly CIHM) is a full text online collection of more than 3,000 books and pamphlets documenting Canadian history from the first European contact to the late 19th century...
[On 25 April 1999, I did a search of this website using selected keyphrases and words:
"nova scotia" returned 2638 matches in 282 documents.
"cunard" returned 95 matches in 45 documents.
"north atlantic" returned 30 matches in 23 documents.]

Books about Kings County, Nova Scotia
    http://www.rootsweb.com/~nskings/books.html
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this website:
Books about Kings County, Nova Scotia

Archived: 1999 October 22
http://web.archive.org/web/19991022011505/http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Acres/2946/three.htm
Archived: 2000 September 30
http://web.archive.org/web/20000930132309/http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Acres/2946/three.htm
Archived: 2001 August 3
http://web.archive.org/web/20010803232456/http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Acres/2946/three.htm
Archived: 2001 November 3
http://web.archive.org/web/20011103070404/http://www.rootsweb.com/~nskings/books.html
Archived: 2002 December 10
http://web.archive.org/web/20021210185653/http://www.rootsweb.com/~nskings/books.html


West Hants Historical Society books for sale: local histories, etc.
    http://www.glinx.com/~whhs/publications.html
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this webpage:
West Hants Historical Society: Books for Sale

Archived: 1998 December 5
http://web.archive.org/web/19981205132241/http://www.busicomp.ns.ca/users/dyer/books.html
Archived: 1999 February 4
http://web.archive.org/web/19990204011403/http://www.busicomp.ns.ca/users/dyer/books.html
Archived: 2000 September 19
http://web.archive.org/web/20000919075552/http://museum.gov.ns.ca/other_ns/whhs/books3.html
Archived: 2001 August 21
http://web.archive.org/web/20010821025911/http://museum.gov.ns.ca/other_ns/whhs/books3.html
Archived: 2002 June 12
http://web.archive.org/web/20020612194616/http://museum.gov.ns.ca/other_ns/whhs/books3.html
Archived: 2003 June 27
http://web.archive.org/web/20030627102439/http://museum.gov.ns.ca/other_ns/whhs/books3.html


Daniel Craig's Letter, May 1851 During the winter and spring of 1851, Daniel H. Craig travelled "from Halifax, Nova Scotia, through the Atlantic cities to New Orleans, and from thence to Louisville, Cincinnati, Buffalo, Albany, &c." He found everywhere that the general character of telegraphic news, as published in the leading newspapers of the country, "was a positive disgrace to all concerned." He reported that the public had come to regard "all telegraphic newspaper despatches with suspicion or disgust." In this letter, Craig outlines the leading features of new policies he was implementing on behalf of the New York Associated Press, to improve the "inefficient and irresponsible" system which had previously prevailed. The principles and policies outlined by Craig in this letter quickly became the basic working principles and policies of the Associated Press, and to this day have remained its defining framework.

Nova Scotia
Newspapers

The oldest newspaper in North America began publication in 1752 in Halifax, Nova Scotia, as the Halifax Gazette. The first issue is dated March 23rd, 1752. In 1766, the name was changed to the Nova Scotia Gazette. Today it continues regular publication as the Royal Gazette.
    http://alts.net/ns1625/news01.html

Nova Scotia Newspapers currently published
    http://nsgna.ednet.ns.ca/nnewsp.html

Nova Scotia Newspapers published today A list of all daily and community newspapers being published regularly in Nova Scotia in 2002. There are six daily newspapers (can you name them?) and more than forty others, mostly weeklies.
    http://www.altstuff.com/newsns.htm

Nova Scotia newspapers available on microfilm at the National Library, Ottawa
From the Londonderry Arc-Light
to the Yarmouth Tribune
    http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/8/18/r18-223-e.html

Nova Scotia newspapers available on microfilm at the Vaughan Memorial Library, Acadia University, Wolfville
From the Wolfville Acadian
to the Windsor Tribune
    http://library.acadiau.ca/guides/history/newsl.html

History of Yarmouth newspapers, by ATCHA The Argyle Township Court House and Archives (ATCHA) lists more than fifty newspapers that were published in Yarmouth at one time or another! The earliest was the Yarmouth Telegraph (1831), and the longest-running was the Yarmouth Herald (1833-1966)...
    http://www.argylecourthouse.com/archives/news/yarnews.htm
Old Nova Scotia Newspapers available on microfilm at ATCHA in Tusket The Argyle Township Court House and Archives (ATCHA), in Tusket, Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia, has the most extensive and complete collection of Yarmouth County newspapers available on microfilm in the Province. They also have a moderate sized collection of original newspapers.
    http://www.argylecourthouse.com/archives/news/newslst.htm

Clips and Snips Historical Information, mostly genealogy and shipping news 1817-1821, from The Acadian Recorder (Halifax newspaper)
    http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~sburns/

Extracts from the Berwick Register, 1897-1899
    http://www.rootsweb.com/~canbrnep/index.html

The Tiny Tattler, "Canada's Smallest Newspaper", 1933-1943
    http://tinytattler.tripod.com/
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this document:
The Tiny Tattler, "Canada's Smallest Newspaper", 1933-1943

Archived: 2000 August 16
http://web.archive.org/web/20000816130239/http://www.tinytattler.com/
Archived: 2001 February 02
http://web.archive.org/web/20010202173400/tinytattler.com/about.htm
Archived: 2001 March 31
http://web.archive.org/web/20010331052054/http://tinytattler.tripod.com/
Archived: 2001 June 13
http://web.archive.org/web/20010613023015/http://tinytattler.com/index.html
Archived: 2001 October 23
http://web.archive.org/web/20011023110304/www.tinytattler.com/about.htm
Archived: 2002 January 25
http://web.archive.org/web/20020125112756/http://tinytattler.tripod.com/
Archived: 2002 July 25
http://web.archive.org/web/20020725094640/http://www.tinytattler.com/
Archived: 2002 December 05
http://web.archive.org/web/20021205102718/tinytattler.com/about.htm
Archived: 2003 June 07
http://web.archive.org/web/20030607155244/http://www.tinytattler.com/
Archived: 2003 December 03
http://web.archive.org/web/20031203050455/www.tinytattler.com/about.htm
Archived: 2004 January 23
http://web.archive.org/web/20040123083446/http://tinytattler.tripod.com/
Archived: 2004 January 31
http://web.archive.org/web/20040131121610/http://tinytattler.com/


A brief history of newspapers in Weymouth, Nova Scotia, 1887-1934
    http://alts.net/ns1625/news02.html

The Canso Breeze and Guysborough County Advocate excerpts 1922-1931
    http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~guys/cansobreeze.html

Nova Scotia Newspaper Websites

Bridgewater Bulletin, Lunenburg Progress-Enterprise
    http://www.lighthouse.ns.ca/

Oran Inverness
    http://oran.ca/index.shtml

Guysborough Journal Guysborough County
    http://www.guysboroughjournal.com/

Evening News New Glasgow
    http://www.newglasgownews.com/

Cape Breton Post Sydney
    http://www.capebretonpost.com/

Chronicle-Herald, Mail-Star Halifax
    http://www.herald.ns.ca/

Victoria Standard Baddeck
    http://www.capebretonisland.com/victoria/

Nova Scotia Electronic News Sites

Nova News Net School of Journalism, King's College, Halifax
    http://novanewsnet.ukings.ns.ca/

Halifax Live
    http://www.halifaxlive.com/

Halifax News
    http://www.halifaxnews.com/

ALLnovascotia.com
    http://allnovascotia.com/

NovaServe The Newsmagazine for Southwest Nova Scotia
    http://novaserve.ns.ca/html/index.html?newlang=english

Highway 7.com Eastern Shore
Online since 1995
    http://www.highway7.com/

Archived Newspaper Websites

The Inverness Oran, Inverness
    http://oran.ca/
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this website:
The Inverness Oran

Archived: 2001 July 28
http://web.archive.org/web/20010728021001/http://oran.ca/index.shtml
Archived: 2001 August 22
http://web.archive.org/web/20010822142948/http://oran.ca/index.shtml
Archived: 2001 December 12
http://web.archive.org/web/20011212112809/http://oran.ca/index.shtml

The Weymouth Bridge, Weymouth
    http://www.weymouthbridge.com/
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this website:
The Weymouth Bridge

Archived: 2001 January 24
http://web.archive.org/web/20010124032300/http://www.weymouthbridge.com/
Archived: 2001 September 25
http://web.archive.org/web/20010925015741/http://www.weymouthbridge.com/
Archived: 2002 May 31
http://web.archive.org/web/20020531133012/http://www.weymouthbridge.com/

The Bedford-Sackville Weekly News
    http://www.hfxnews.com/Weekly/index.html
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this website:
The Bedford-Sackville Weekly News

Issue: 8 January 1997 Archived: 1997 May 4
http://web.archive.org/web/19970504043749/www.hfxnews.com/Weekly/010897/index.html
Issue: 5 February 1997 Archived: 1997 February 06
http://web.archive.org/web/19970206043821/www.hfxnews.com/Weekly/index.html
Issue: 19 February 1997 Archived: 1997 May 4
http://web.archive.org/web/19970504043832/www.hfxnews.com/Weekly/021997/index.html
Issue: 12 March 1997 Archived: 1997 May 4
http://web.archive.org/web/19970504043855/www.hfxnews.com/Weekly/031297/index.html
Issue: 23 April 1997 Archived: 1997 May 4
http://web.archive.org/web/19970504035416/http://www.hfxnews.com/Weekly/index.html

The Halifax Daily News
    http://www.hfxnews.com/
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this website:
The Halifax Daily News

Archived: 1996 December 19
http://web.archive.org/web/19961219211535/http://www.hfxnews.com/
Archived: 1997 February 06
http://web.archive.org/web/19970206043352/http://www.hfxnews.com/
Archived: 1997 May 04
http://web.archive.org/web/19970504035831/http://www.hfxnews.com/index.html
Archived: 1997 July 08
http://web.archive.org/web/19970708211249/http://www.hfxnews.com/

NovaNewsNet, University of Kings College, Halifax
    http://novanewsnet.ukings.ns.ca/
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this website:
NovaNewsNet

Archived: 1999 February 24
http://web.archive.org/web/19990224191500/novanewsnet.ukings.ns.ca/frontpage/*frontpage.htm
Archived: 2000 March 01
http://web.archive.org/web/20000301201519/http://novanewsnet.ukings.ns.ca/



Icelandic Memorial Society of Nova Scotia
    http://www.nova-scotia-icelanders.ednet.ns.ca/
This website includes one of the best online historic maps I've seen.
    http://www.nova-scotia-icelanders.ednet.ns.ca/markland.html

William Cottnam Tonge

born 29 Apr 1764 at Windsor, Nova Scotia
died 6 Aug 1832 at Georgetown, Demerara [Guyana]


William Cottnam Tonge Winckworth Tonge married Martha Grace Cottnam. Four sons were born to them. Their first born was William Cottnam Tonge...
    http://www.blupete.com/Hist/BiosNS/1800-67/Tonge.htm

Are There Islands On The Marsh? by Bill Hamilton
...William Cottnam Tonge (1764-1832), son of Winckworth Tonge (1727-1792), followed his father's footsteps in Nova Scotian politics and is regarded as the forerunner of Joseph Howe. For more than a decade the younger Tonge was the "unofficial" leader of the opposition and a "thorn" in the side of the governing establishment...
Tantramar Flashback column, Sackville Tribune-Post, 1 March 2000
    http://www.billhamiltonflashback.ca/articleFull.tpl?a_id=77&c_sku=1&startat=1

Tonge - Smith House (North Street, Chester, Nova Scotia) by C.L. (Chipman Lyman) Smith, Public Archives of Nova Scotia, MG 100 Vol 239 #13
    http://www.ualberta.ca/~btonge/Genealogies.Tonge.html

Naval Office Shipping Lists for Nova Scotia (1730-1820) three microfilm reels
Special Collections Division, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri —
The Navigation Acts of 1698 provided for the collection of detailed information regarding every vessel entering and clearing British ports. The principal ports of Nova Scotia were Halifax, Sydney and Arichat — and Benjamin Green, Winckworth Tonge and William Cottnam Tonge were the principal naval officers whose records are filmed. The lists include date of entry, name of ship, home port, when the ship was built and registered, the name of the master, the name of the owner, measured tonnage, number of guns, size of crew and details of the cargo carried including the names of passengers and the number of slaves or indentured servants. The guide to the collection provides tabulations that establishes the relative importance of different regions as suppliers to Nova Scotia and compares Halifax and Boston shipping.
    http://system.missouri.edu/spec/britrecmf.htm
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this website:
Naval Office Shipping Lists for Nova Scotia (1730-1820)

Archived: 2001 December 24
http://web.archive.org/web/20011224192911/http://mulibraries.missouri.edu/spec/britrecmf.htm
Archived: 2002 June 03
http://web.archive.org/web/20020603222126/http://mulibraries.missouri.edu/spec/britrecmf.htm



Anglo-American Telegraph Company diary of 1866 Here are reproductions of four pages from the Anglo-American Telegraph Company diary of 1866. The diary covers the testing of the 1866 cable, the commencement of traffic handling, transfers between the Anglo cable and the Western Union landlines, a count and evalutation of the traffic, log entries of distinguished visitors to the office, records of staff assigned movement of cable ships, the successful landing of the 1865 cable and the beginning of its operations, references to Cyrus Field and other officers, and so on.
    http://ewh.ieee.org/reg/7/diglib/library/hearts-content/diary-pages/diary.html

History of St. Paul Island St. Paul Island is at the entrance of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in the Cabot Strait, about 25 km from Cape Breton and 70 km from Cape Ray, Newfoundland. The island is five kilometres long and approximately a kilometre wide, covered with small spruce whitch gives it a green appearance in all seasons. It is very hilly, the highest being about 150 metres... One of the first wrecks on record is the loss of the British Transport Sovereign in 1814. Sovereign was bringing detachments of different regiments to Canada, and in all, about 800 lives were lost...
    http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Estates/6001/St_Paul_Island.htm

Kennetcook — Past and Present History of Kennetcook, Hants County. Includes a good picture of Nova Scotia's last covered bridge.
    http://www.kennetcook.com/

History of Sackville Halifax County
    http://www.sackville.ednet.ns.ca/history/shp_history.html

History of Municipality of Argyle Argyle originated with the Grant of the Township by the Government of the Province of Nova Scotia in 1771...
    http://www.munargyle.com/munhistory.htm

History of the Town of Mulgrave Guysborough County
Name changed from McNair's Cove to Mulgrave in 1859
    http://www.townofmulgrave.ca/history.htm

The Story of McKenna's Pictou Twist
    http://www.rootsweb.com/~nspictou/elect_text/pictou_twist.htm

History of Westville Pictou County
How did Westville get its name? As the village grew it was decided by the citizens that it should have a name other than Gairloch Road or Acadian Mines, so a meeting was held to select a name. Some wanted it called Ayr, some Airdrie, and other Scottish names were proposed. The meeting was at a deadlock until one man proposed the name Westville, explaining that it was west of Albion Mines, as Stellarton was then known...
    http://www.rootsweb.com/~nspictou/elect_text/hist_westville.htm

History of Riverton Pictou County
This document appears to have been written prior to 1960; the author is unknown...
    http://www.rootsweb.com/~nspictou/elect_text/riverton.htm
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this document:
History of Riverton

Archived: 1999 September 7
http://web.archive.org/web/19990907215304/http://www.rootsweb.com/~nspictou/riverton.htm
Archived: 2000 October 19
http://web.archive.org/web/20001019203007/http://rootsweb.com/~nspictou/riverton.htm
Archived: 2001 December 20
http://web.archive.org/web/20011220204450/http://www.rootsweb.com/~nspictou/riverton.htm


Pictou County Online Books
    http://www.rootsweb.com/~nspictou/onlinebooks.htm

Meacham's History of Pictou County
    http://www.rootsweb.com/~nspictou/elect_text/hist_pictou_1.htm

Patterson's History of the County of Pictou
    http://www.rootsweb.com/~nspictou/elect_text/Patterson/patterson_1.htm

Brief community histories prepared by students at St. Mary's Elementary School:
                History of Victoria Harbour
    http://www.go.ednet.ns.ca/stmarys/victoria.htm
                History of Nicholsville
    http://www.go.ednet.ns.ca/stmarys/nichol.htm
                History of Morristown
    http://www.go.ednet.ns.ca/stmarys/morris.htm
                History of Morden
    http://www.go.ednet.ns.ca/stmarys/morden.htm
                History of Millville
    http://www.go.ednet.ns.ca/stmarys/millvill.htm
                History of Lake Paul
    http://www.go.ednet.ns.ca/stmarys/lakepal.htm
                History of Harmony
    http://www.go.ednet.ns.ca/stmarys/harmony.htm
                History of Factorydale
    http://www.go.ednet.ns.ca/stmarys/factory.htm
                History of Dempsey Corner
    http://www.go.ednet.ns.ca/stmarys/dempsey.htm
                History of Aylesford
    http://www.go.ednet.ns.ca/stmarys/aylesf.htm
                History of Auburn
    http://www.go.ednet.ns.ca/stmarys/auburn.htm

Sydney Tarponds Timeline 1900-2003
    http://www.safecleanup.com/jag/timeline.htm

Pre-Confederation Times
The 1860s in Nova Scotia

Published Reports and Opinions
About the Confederation Proposition

The Canadian Visit clipping from the Halifax Citizen, 13 August 1864
The programme for the entertainment of our distinguished Canadian and New Brunswick visitors, has so far proceeded satisfactorily. Yesterday the principal arrangements were under the auspices of the Royal Halifax Yacht Club...
    http://www.collectionscanada.ca/2/18/h18-507-e.html

The Colonial Convention the Halifax Morning Chronicle, 10 September 1864
...We are quite certain that Charlottetown was never honored, on any occasion, by the presence of so many distinguished visitors as at present reside within and in the vicinity of its quiet borders. The delegates from Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia comprise the ablest men of those Provinces, several of who have earned for themselves a North American reputation, as wide and as envious as that which falls to the lot of many European statesmen...
    http://www.collectionscanada.ca/2/18/h18-514-e.html

The Botheration Scheme clipping from the Halifax Morning Chronicle, 11 January 1865
...In 1849, the Canadians tried their hands at another insurrection. They burnt down their Parliament House; pelted Lord Elgin and his Lady through the streets; hung American flags out of the windows, and published a manifesto, to which the principal citizens of Montreal signed their names, demanding annexation to the United States. Novascotians must have short memories if these things are forgotten...
(published anonymously, but now known to have been written by Joseph Howe)
    http://www.collectionscanada.ca/2/18/h18-520-e.html

The 1st of July the Pictou Colonial Standard (newspaper), 2 July 1867
...Should some old pamphlet or bundle of newspapers of the present day find its way into some old chest, packed away and forgotten in some cellar or attic, should its resurrection two or three hundred years hence disclose the truth...
The writer foresaw the "resurrection two or three hundred years hence" of this editorial, but could not have foreseen the electric network known as the Internet, an unimaginably sophisticated and powerful evolutionary development of that astonishing telecom marvel of 1867 – the electric telegraph, then less than twenty years old in Nova Scotia.
    http://www.collectionscanada.ca/2/18/h18-516-e.html

A Fizzle the Halifax Morning Chronicle, 2 July 1867
...The whole strength of the Confederates was put forth to make a great demonstration, and we do not exaggerate when we say that they failed lamentably...
    http://www.collectionscanada.ca/2/18/h18-515-e.html

Dominion Day the Halifax Unionist and Halifax Journal, 3 July 1867
...The Torch Light Procession of the Union Engine Company was a brilliant affair – it was the most attractive feature of the day's proceedings. The display of Fire Works was creditable. The Provincial Building and Lunatic Asylum were brilliantly illuminated...
    http://www.collectionscanada.ca/2/18/h18-503-e.html

Dominion Day the Eastern Chronicle and Pictou County Advocate, 3 July 1867
...Nova Scotians, you are now said to be Canadians, by Act of Parliament, against your wishes. Do you accept the will of the despots who have forced this measure upon you...
    http://www.collectionscanada.ca/2/18/h18-504-e.html

Married – Born – Died the Eastern Chronicle and Pictou County Advocate, 3 July 1867
...Married: On Monday morning last, at Ottawa C.E. (Canada East), by the British Parliament, assisted by Canadian Rebels and Annexationists and home-born Traitors, in all her midsummer beauty, the young and fair Nova Scotia and "big brother" Canada. Contrary to all the principles of Liberty, the young lady was forced into what her friends consider to be an unhappy union. She was beautiful and rich; her suitor was old, crabbed and almost bankrupt...
    http://www.collectionscanada.ca/2/18/h18-505-e.html

The New Dominion the Halifax Evening Express, 3 July 1867
...The day of small things has passed away, and henceforth we will have our names inscribed among the nations of the Western World. The United States is great and powerful, and for generations to come will continue in advance of us, but to us will be accorded the second place on the Continent of North America and before many years shall have passed over our heads, we will be in point of position, influence, and material prosperity the second on the whole Continent from Behring's Straits to Cape Horn....
    http://www.collectionscanada.ca/2/18/h18-511-e.html

Pre-Confederation Nova Scotia
    http://www.collectionscanada.ca/2/18/h18-2125-e.html

Nova Scotia Separatists (1867)

Nova Scotia Separatists (1867) by Lloyd Duhaime
In Nova Scotia in 1867 there was a strong feeling that the province should get out of Confederation. The provincial general election of 1867 had swept the government of pro-confederate Premier Charles Tupper out of office. Anti-confederate not only won 35 of 38 seats in the provincial assembly, but also 18 of 19 Nova Scotia ridings in the federal election...
    http://www.duhaime.org/Canadian_history/cahi1867.aspx
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this document:
Nova Scotia Separatists (1867)
by Lloyd Duhaime

Archived: 1998 January 23
http://web.archive.org/web/19980123114134/http://wwlia.org/cahi1867.htm
Archived: 1998 June 29
http://web.archive.org/web/19980629042426/http://www.wwlia.org/cahi1867.htm
Archived: 1998 December 7
http://web.archive.org/web/19981207002934/http://wwlia.org/cahi1867.htm
Archived: 1999 February 20
http://web.archive.org/web/19990220220541/http://www.wwlia.org/cahi1867.htm
Archived: 2000 February 29
http://web.archive.org/web/20000229183238/http://www.wwlia.org/cahi1867.htm
Archived: 2000 October 20
http://web.archive.org/web/20001020123006/http://www.wwlia.org/cahi1867.htm
Archived: 2001 January 12
http://web.archive.org/web/20010112062400/http://wwlia.org/cahi1867.htm
Archived: 2001 August 3
http://web.archive.org/web/20010803084241/http://www.wwlia.org/cahi1867.htm
Archived: 2002 June 6
http://web.archive.org/web/20020606115649/http://www.wwlia.org/cahi1867.htm
Archived: 2002 December 6
http://web.archive.org/web/20021206085621/http://www.wwlia.org/cahi1867.htm
Archived: 2003 April 18
http://web.archive.org/web/20030418222809/http://www.wwlia.org/cahi1867.htm
Archived: 2003 August 03
http://web.archive.org/web/20030803095841/http://www.wwlia.org/cahi1867.htm




A Brief History of L'Ardoise, Cape Breton by Patrick B. Burke
    http://lardoise.netfirms.com/earlyhistory.htm

Brief History of Riverview High School Coxheath, Cape Breton
    http://www.cbv.ns.ca/rv/history.shtml

History of Fairview Heights Elementary School Halifax
    http://www.fhs.ednet.ns.ca/Genral%20Info%20Links/school_history.htm

History of Oxford School 6364 North Street, Halifax
    http://hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca/gallags/history.html

The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this document:
History of Oxford School

Archived: 1999 October 12
http://web.archive.org/web/19991012193001/http://members.tripod.com/oxford99/index-2.html
Archived: 2000 August 18
http://web.archive.org/web/20000818111506/http://members.tripod.com/oxford99/index-2.html
Archived: 2001 October 31
http://web.archive.org/web/20011031170933/http://members.tripod.com/oxford99/index-2.html
Archived: 2002 October 8
http://web.archive.org/web/20021008152624/http://members.tripod.com/oxford99/index-2.html
Archived: 2003 February 6
http://web.archive.org/web/20030206195714/http://www.oxford.ednet.ns.ca/history.htm
Archived: 2003 July 13
http://web.archive.org/web/20030713141431/http://www.oxford.ednet.ns.ca/history.htm
Archived: 2004 February 02
http://web.archive.org/web/20040202183238/http://www.oxford.ednet.ns.ca/history.htm


Birchtown, Shelburne County
    http://ns1763.ca/shelbco/birchtown.html

Birchtown Archaeology Project Shelburne County
    http://museum.gov.ns.ca/arch/sites/birch/

History of the Public Gardens Halifax
    http://www.halifaxpublicgardens.ca/history.htm

The Horton Journal of Canadian History
by students at Horton High School, Greenwich, Kings County
    http://www.angelfire.com/ns/hjch/mainpage.htm


History of Lawrencetown Annapolis County
    http://glooscap.go.ednet.ns.ca/lawrencetown/history/front.htm
History of Lawrencetown: Early Settlers
    http://www.go.ednet.ns.ca/lawrencetown/history/settlers.htm
Here's hoping this model project, by the class of 1977, will inspire others to prepare similar histories of lots of other towns and villages in Nova Scotia.

Economy, Nova Scotia: Photograph of the Solar Eclipse of 11 August 1999
Six minutes after sunrise, partially-eclipsed sunlight Nova Scotia: Eclipse, August 11th, 1999 shimmers across the Fundy mud flats at Economy, Nova Scotia. Photo by John Potter, of Pembroke, Ontario, who traveled to Economy specially to see and photograph this eclipse, the last solar eclipse before the Big Rollover to 2000. He stayed at the Four Seasons Retreat in Economy, right on the Bay of Fundy; with the alignment of the Moon and Sun the tides "were amazing." Ordinarily this area has some of the highest tides in the world, but when there is an eclipse the tides are extra extreme. In Nova Scotia, the Sun rose over the horizon already partially eclipsed.

Mr. Potter:
Sunrise in Economy happened at 6:13am
My estimate is that at sunrise, sun was approx 40% eclipsed
This picture was taken at 6:19am looking toward Bass River, with Kodak 100asa film, a shutter speed of 1/125 sec, and fstop of f11
Max was around 6:33am at around 90%
Eclipse ended at 7:32am at this location.

This photo was taken 5.8 kilometres north-west of Burntcoat Head. Economy and Burntcoat Head are on opposite sides of Cobequid Bay, at the head of the Bay of Fundy. At Burntcoat Head, on 11 August 1999, from the time of high tide at 1:01am to low tide at 7:27am, the ocean surface fell 14.22 metres 46 feet 7 inches, exposing the mud flat seen in the foreground. (On 23 January 2000, between high tide at 2:30pm and low tide at 8:53pm, the tidal range here was 15.59 metres 50 feet 6 inches.)

History of the Royal Bank The Merchants' Bank (renamed The Royal Bank of Canada in 1901) was founded as a private commercial bank in 1864 by a close-knit group of Haligonian merchants. The bank's first office on Bedford Row was situated within sight of the busy wharves of Halifax. Focusing on the financing of fishing and timber as well as the annual flow of retail goods from Europe into the colony, the Merchants' Bank was closer linked to England and the Caribbean in its early operations than it was to the heartland of the North American continent. Confederation brought new perspectives. It also brought the necessity of a federal charter, which was obtained in 1869 under the name of the Merchants' Bank of Halifax. During the 1870s and 1880s the bank expanded into its Maritime hinterland by adding representation in Nova Scotia and establishing its presence in both Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick. At the same time it pursued the possibilities of international trade, opening an agency in Bermuda in 1882...
    http://www.rbc.com/history/quicktofrontier/index.html

Ralph Pickard Bell: A Biography by W. John E. Williams
Nowhere in the history of the Maritime provinces is there a more colourful or controversial character than Halifax-born industrialist, Ralph Pickard Bell (1886-1975). With an iron will and a vocabulary as foul as his temper, he triumphantly presided over some of the most influential businesses of his time — The Lockeport Company, the shipping firm of Pickford and Black, The Halifax Insurance Company and, perhaps most notably, National Sea Products Ltd. which, at its inception in 1945, became the largest and most powerful fish company on the Eastern seaboard. From Bell's high-profile second marriage to New Brunswick heiress, Marjorie Young Smith of Shediac, to his celebrated stint as Mount Allison University's inaugural chancellor, Ralph Pickard Bell: A Biography provides an intriguing look at both the personal and professional highs and lows of one of Canada's most fascinating figures.
    http://www.geocities.com/wjewilliams/

Ed Coleman's Columns from the Kentville Advertiser
                Nova Scotia Pony Express, 150th Anniversary
                McKay Motor Car - Valley-Made
                The Start of the Stage Coach Line

Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society

Cape Sable Historical Society The Cape Sable Historical Society was formed in 1937 by a group of concerned citizens, to collect and preserve all documents, papers, and other objects of interest, which may serve to throw light upon and illustrate the history of Shelburne and Yarmouth Counties; preserve historical sites and land marks; promote the study of history of both counties. Today our goals are much the same...

History of McNabs Island, by Brian Kinsman
The death of Ellen McNab in 1934 ended the long association between McNabs Island and the McNab family...
    http://www.mcnabsisland.ca/history/hist-int.html
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this document:
History of McNabs Island
by Brian Kinsman

Archived: 2000 April 13
http://web.archive.org/web/20000413142100/www.chebucto.ns.ca/Environment/FOMIS/hist-int.html
Archived: 2000 November 17
http://web.archive.org/web/20001117172000/http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/Environment/FOMIS/hist-int.html
Archived: 2001 November 16
http://web.archive.org/web/20011116030619/http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/Environment/FOMIS/hist-int.html
Archived: 2002 February 8
http://web.archive.org/web/20020208221635/http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/Environment/FOMIS/hist-int.html


History of Georges Island, in Halifax Harbour. For nearly two hundred years Georges Island was the scene of constant military activity. Tales of executions, forts and hidden tunnels surround the folklore associated with the mysterious island...
For some unknown reason Parks Canada has scuppered this document,
but the Wayback Machine has archived copies of:
History of Georges Island in Halifax Harbour

Archived: 2000 August 17
http://web.archive.org/web/20000817012151/http://parkscanada.pch.gc.ca/parks/nova_scotia/georges_island/english/History_e.htm
Archived: 2001 April 18
http://web.archive.org/web/20010418070249/http://parkscanada.pch.gc.ca/parks/nova_scotia/georges_island/english/History_e.htm
Archived: 2002 February 15
http://web.archive.org/web/20020215032548/http://parkscanada.pch.gc.ca/parks/nova_scotia/georges_island/english/History_e.htm
Archived: 2002 October 26
http://web.archive.org/web/20021026101628/http://parkscanada.pch.gc.ca/parks/nova_scotia/georges_island/english/History_e.htm



Georges Island Lighthouse

The Bottom of Halifax Harbour
These web pages are a combination of multibeam bathymetric maps of Halifax Harbour produced by the Canadian Hydrographic Service and the Geological Survey of Canada (Atlantic) and a collage of map-referenced images of the seabed. It has been assembled from data collected during seven years of marine geological mapping. Together, they tell a varied, complex and colorful history of Halifax Harbour and the surrounding communities of Halifax, Dartmouth, Bedford, Eastern Passage and Herring Cove. A combination of sidescan sonograms (similar to aerial photographs), seismic reflection profiles (cross-sections), bottom photographs, archival images, and other relevant data sources are interpreted and combined for graphic illustration...
"Duc D'Anville" Shipwreck in Bedford Basin, may be one of the most historically significant shipwrecks in eastern Canada. In 1746 a fleet of French warships was abandoned in Bedford Basin as the soldiers headed across Nova Scotia on foot because of an English blockade of the Harbour. This shipwreck, which may be one of that fleet, appears as a series of ribs on the west side of Bedford Basin.

Water-Sharing Contract 22 March 1817 — between Frederic Vogler and Frederic Conrad, both of West Medway in the Township of New Dublin, in Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia. Excellent reproductions of well-preserved 180-year-old handwritten documents, agreements about the sharing of water power...
  Page one 1817     Page two 1817     Page three 1846

Fortress of Louisbourg The Official Louisbourg Institute Home Page
                Index to Historical Societies in Cape Breton
                Orangedale Railway Station
                Margaree Salmon Museum
                MacAskill House Museum
                Sydney & Louisburg Railway Historic Society The S&L was the last all-steam Class One railroad in North America...

History of the Scots in Nova Scotia

Judique History
    http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/205/301/ic/cdc/celtic/judhist.htm

Mi'kmaq Names in Guysborough County

Nova Scotia Lighthouse Preservation Society
    http://www.nslps.com/
        The Doomsday List
    http://www.ednet.ns.ca/educ/heritage/nslps/doomlist1.htm
        List of Nova Scotia Lighthouses
    http://www.ednet.ns.ca/educ/heritage/nslps/lol_indx.htm

Nova Scotia Lighthouses by Lorne Hull
    http://www.lorneslights.com/NS/index.html

Nova Scotia Lighthouses by Val and James Campbell
    http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Farm/3463/lighthouses/ns-lighthouse-list.html

A Brief History of Canadian Lighthouses The second-oldest lighthouse on the continent, and the first Canadian one, went into service at the French fortress of Louisbourg on Cape Breton island in 1734. Patterned after the lighthouse of Les Baleines built off La Rochelle in 1682, the beacon at Louisbourg was destroyed by British troops during the seige of 1758, and not rebuilt until 1842; the rubble of the original lighthouse is still visible at the base of the current Louisbourg lighthouse, which dates from 1924. Next came the lighthouse on Sambro Island in 1760. Located at the entrance to Halifax harbor, it has been upgraded over the years but remains the oldest continuously-operating lighthouse in North America, predating New Jersey's Sandy Hook lighthouse by four years, and such venerable lighthouses as Virginia's Cape Henry, Maine's photogenic Portland Head, and Long Island's Montauk Point lighthouses by three decades...
    http://members.aol.com/stiffcrust/pharos/index.html

Pictures of Canadian lighthouses beginning with more than a dozen of Nova Scotia lighthouses.
    http://nightcoaster.com/light/lhcanada.htm

We say goodbye to lighthouses and cabooses
Lighthouses are doomed by improved technology
    http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1523.htm

King's Head Lighthouse: King's Head light was extinguished after it suffered the singular indignity of being declared a hazard to shipping... The Lighthouse is now a beautiful home...
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this website:
King's Head Lighthouse
Pictou County:   45°39'N   62°29'W

Archived: 1998 July 13
http://web.archive.org/web/19980713023748/http://ivacation.com/p4650.htm
Archived: 1999 February 8
http://web.archive.org/web/19990208221642/http://ivacation.com/p4650.htm
Archived: 1999 April 27
http://web.archive.org/web/19990427150702/http://www.ivacation.com/p4650.htm


The H.R. Banks Collection of NovaScotiana The Herbert Robertson Banks collection, amassed over many years, is a remarkable record of Nova Scotian and Maritime life and culture. Included is fiction, non-fiction and poetry, some of it quite rare, as well as political works, literary criticisms, an outstanding accumulation of materials on art and antiques, and an impressive number of periodicals dealing with Nova Scotia. Mr. Banks also collected small local newspapers, unpublished manuscripts, scholarly papers on Nova Scotia history, and local histories. There is no aspect of Nova Scotia life which is not touched by this remarkable compilation.
    http://www.westerncounties.ca/banks/index.html

First Nations

His Majesty King George III promised:
"Henceforth I will provide for you and for the future generation
so long as the sun rises and river flows."
Mi'kmaq Treaty of 1794

The Royal Proclamation of 1763 recognizes that the peoples
indigenous to the newly-acquired section of British North America
hold Aboriginal titles to their ancestral lands – titles
that cannot be unilaterally extinguished or transferred.

The First Nations delegates, who were not accustomed to the written word,
believed that whatever the treaty commissioners told them on behalf of
the Crown during their talks would be accurately recorded in the treaty
and would be honoured for all future generations to come.

The Mi'kmaq by Patrick Johnson, University College of Cape Breton (UCCB), Sydney, Nova Scotia, in The Encyclopedia of North American Indians, 1996, Houghton Mifflin Company, New York
...The Mi'kmaq tribal territory included all of what is now Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, the Gaspe Peninsula of Quebec, the north shore of New Brunswick and inland to the Saint John River watershed, eastern Maine, and part of Newfoundland... The first of the series of treaties between the British Crown and the Micmac Nation was signed in 1725. All were reaffirmed in 1752, and culminated in the Treaty and Royal Proclamation of 1763. The main thrust of these treaties was an exchange of Micmac loyalty for a guarantee that Micmacs would be able to continue hunting and fishing in their territory. These treaties have been recognized by the Supreme Court of Canada as legal and binding through its decisions in cases that have extended well into the present century... The First Nation communities (reservations) of Canada are governed by an elected chief and council, who hold office for two years. Under the terms of a 1959 act of the Canadian Parliament, all aboriginal people of Canada are Canadian citizens and have the right to vote in federal and provincial elections...
    http://mrc.uccb.ns.ca/mikmaq.html

Peace, Friendship and Respect: Understanding Indigenous Treaties in Canada
Assembly of First Nations, 2002
...Most treaties in Canada involved an exchange of promises between First Nations and the Crown. The most common promises in these transactions were of peace and friendship. This was not an insignificant promise. From the 1600s until the 1860s many First Nations had the ability to seriously disrupt French or British aspirations in this land by taking a stance contrary to that of the Crown. Correspondingly, the Crown also had the ability to repress or disrupt First Nations aspirations in their traditional territories throughout most of their history together. The mutuality between the parties with regard to peace illustrates that the exchange of promises to maintain friendship is a foundational principle in First Nations treaty making...
    http://www.afn.ca/Programs/Treaties%20and%20Lands/Doc/
        Peace%20Friendship%20&%20Respect-March%202002.pdf

Mi'kmaq Treaties of Peace and Friendship
Speech to the Indigenous Bar Association, Vancouver, Canada, 20 October 2001
...The treaties of Peace and Friendship contain provisions that reinforce fundamental principles that include the existence of aboriginal rights and aboriginal title.  I am always humbled by the foresight of our ancestors when reading the historic documents.  Nowhere in the treaties will you find a single phrase that surrenders, extinguishes or derogates our rights whether one was to use the rule of law based on English Common Law or the French Civil Code.  The non-derogation of rights was reinforced in the Royal Proclamation of 1763...
    http://www.membertou.ca/news/speech2001october20.html

Daniel Paul's website
    http://www.danielnpaul.com/

Proclamation Forbidding Social Contacts Between Acadiens and Mi'kmaq August 1722
    http://www.danielnpaul.com/AcadienMi'kmaqContactsOutlawed.html

Text: Treaties of 1693, 1713, 1714, 1717, with Tribes of Massachusetts Bay...
    http://www.kstrom.net/isk/maps/maritimes1693.html

Text: Treaties of 1725, 1752, 1794, with Tribes of Nova Scotia...
Annapolis Royal and Boston Treaties with British Crown and Nova Scotia or New England tribes
    http://www.kstrom.net/isk/maps/novascotiatreaties.html

Treaty of 1725 for Ratification at Annapolis Royal
    http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsarm/virtual/mikmaq/archives.asp?ID=610

Printed proclamation of the 1752 Treaty
    http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsarm/virtual/mikmaq/archives.asp?ID=618
Printed proclamation of the 1752 Treaty
Printed proclamation of the 1752 Treaty, detail
Halifax, 1752

Crown Draft Proclamation of 1761 to Colonial Governors
Draft of an Instruction for the Governors of Nova Scotia, New Hampshire, New York, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia forbidding them to Grant Lands or make Settlements which may interfere with the Indians bordering on those Colonies.
    http://www.kstrom.net/isk/maps/royalproc1761.html

Royal Proclamation of 1763
7 October 1763

Proclamation of 1763
Royal Proclamation of 1763, by King George III
Contemporary printed copy

Royal Proclamation of 1763
...This document has been called the "Magna Carta of Indian Rights" and has been held by the courts to have "the force of a statute which has never been repealed". It issued after the Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years War and was intended to organize the governments of Britain's new acquisitions on the mainland of North America...
    http://www.bloorstreet.com/200block/rp1763.htm

Royal Proclamation of 1763
...The proclamation established or defined four new colonies, three of them on the continental mainland.  Quebec, which was of course already well settled, two colonies to be called East Florida and West Florida – and off the continent, Grenada.  These facts were established immediately, but most of the proclamation is devoted to the subject of Indians and Indian lands.  It asserted that all of the Indian peoples were thereafter under the protection of the King.  It required that all lands within the "Indian territory" occupied by Englishmen were to be abandoned.  It included a list of prohibited activities, provided for enforcement of the new laws, and indicted unnamed persons for fraudulent practices in acquiring lands from the Indians in times past... Relations between the Indians and the English colonials were so poor that few settlers would argue in public that the Indians had rights to any lands...
    http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/related/proc63.htm

Royal Proclamation of 1763
...It is curious to report that the National Archives of Canada holds no surviving originals.  There are several transcribed copies of both the 7 October 1763 document proclaimed by the King George III in England and the one later pronounced by the Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Sir William Johnson, in North America on 24 December 1763; the National Archives also has a negative photostat of this latter document.  For its part, the Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions (CIHM) has determined that there are five known originals.  One is held by the Society of Antiquarians in England, another by the Privy Council Library in London, England, a third by the Massachusetts Archives in Boston (CIHM has obtained a microfilmed copy of this one), a fourth by Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, and the last by McGill University in Montreal in the Lande Room...
    http://www.collectionscanada.ca/04/042402_e.html

Map: Royal Proclamation of 1763
    http://www.kstrom.net/isk/maps/royalproc.html

Map: Royal Proclamation of 1763
...The Royal Proclamation of 1763 is the best example of an imperial instrument with broad remedial applications in an era when the world is dominated by the lawless, laissez-faire empire of a single superpower.  As I see it, the Royal Proclamation of 1763, in which King George reserved the interior of North America as an Indian hunting ground and as a mercantile hinterland of the Canadian fur trade, was the primary cause of the schism within the British Empire that gave rise to the creation of the United States.  The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was thus instrumental in generating the American Revolution, perhaps the most consequential single event in the entire course of world history up to this point.  The Royal Proclamation essentially outlawed conquest as an acceptable means of expanding Anglo-American settlements within British North America... Some saw in the Proclamation proof that the King was trying to undo the constitutional principles established by the Glorious Revolution of 1688... There were broad implications for the genesis of international law in King George's seminal recognition that Indigenous peoples possess Aboriginal titles to their own ancestral lands, titles that cannot be transferred or alienated without obtaining Aboriginal consent in public negotiations... The Royal Proclamation recognizes that the peoples indigenous to the newly-acquired section of British North America hold Aboriginal titles to their ancestral lands – titles that cannot be unilaterally extinguished or transferred...
    http://people.uleth.ca/~hall/bc-kurdistan.htm

Royal Proclamation of 1763
The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was intended to integrate New France into the British Empire in North America. It created the Province of Quebec along a fairly narrow stretch of land located along the shores of the St. Lawrence River. Part of the proclamation, however, specifically dealt with Aboriginal issues...
    http://www.canadiana.org/citm/themes/aboriginals/aboriginals3_e.html

Royal Proclamation of 1763
As printed in 1824 in "A Collection of the Acts Passed in the Parliament of Great Britain and of Other Public Acts Relative to Canada": "Compilations and Extracts of Treaties Relating to Canada, With His Majesty's Proclamation of 1763..."
[Note: In 1824 (when this book was printed) the territory identified by the name "Canada" did not include the territory now known as the Atlantic Provinces.  That is, don't look here for Acts or Treaties that mainly applied to the area now identified by the names Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland.]
    http://www.canadiana.org/ECO/mtq?display=42695+0030

1776 Watertown Treaty: Text
...That each party to this Treaty shall and will consider the enemies of the other as enemies to themselves, and do hereby solemnly promise and engage to, and with each other, that when called upon for that purpose, they shall, and will to the utmost of their abilities, aid and assist each other against their public enemies; and particularly, that the people of the said Tribe of lndians shall and will afford, and give to the people of the said State of Massachusetts Bay and the people of the other United States of America during their present war with the king of Britain, all the aid and assistance within their power. And that they the people of said Tribes of Indians shall not, and will not directly or indirectly give any aid, or assistance to the troops or subjects of the said King of Great Britain, or others adhering to him or hold any correspondence or carry on any commerce with them during the present war...
    http://www.watertowntreaty.org/treatytext.htm

Watertown Treaty 1776: Title
1776 Watertown Treaty: Image of the Original Document
    http://www.watertowntreaty.org/treaty2.gif

1776 Watertown Treaty Re-Enacted June 1987
Micmac Indian Nation and state officials on June 24, 1987 re-enacted the signing of the 1776 Treaty of Watertown, which made them the first ally with the newly formed United States...
    http://www.indianreader.com/Studies/Micmac.html
The Watertown Treaty was never ratified by the Mi'kmaq Chiefs.
They never became "the first ally with the newly formed United States".
See Watertown Treaty, 1776 by Dr. Daniel Paul

Also see American Flag The Mi'kmaq signed an Agreement in Principle
with the American Colonies in 1776, The Watertown Treaty, under which
they would have provided military assistance, but they did not ratify it.
The reason they didn't was because they were gunshy of getting burnt
again in the wars of the white man. Whichever side won, they lost...

The Paris Peace Treaty September 1783
    http://www.geocities.com/SouthBeach/Cove/8286/treaty1783.html


PRE-CONFEDERATION:  Peace and Friendship Treaties
Date Peoples Concerned
15 December 1725 Abenaki (Penobscot, Naridgwalk, and other tribes), Micmac, Maliseet
15 August 1749 Maliseet
November 1752 Maliseet (Shubenacadie Band)
23 February 1760 Maliseet, Abenaki (Passamaquoddy)
10 March 1760 Micmac
25 June 1761 Micmac
24 September 1778 Maliseet, Micmac
22 September 1779 Micmac
Source: http://www.afn.ca/Programs/Treaties%20and%20Lands/list_of_treaties.htm

Facing Canada's Darkest Hours
by Tom Brodbeck, Winnipeg Sun, 12 June 2005
...the explicit Government of Canada policy at the time to abolish aboriginal culture, language, political structure – everything.  I find most people today are still unaware of the federal government's official policy of extinguishing aboriginal culture and language.  They may have heard some aspects of it.  But most of them have no idea that it was official government policy... Trouble is, we gloss over this stuff in Canada – at best. At worst, we try to conceal it.  We don't teach it to our children in public schools.  We teach them Canadian history and some aspect of aboriginal history.  But we don't get into the finer points of how our federal government committed attempted cultural genocide... After all the commissions and studies and reviews, we're still sweeping this dark period of history under the carpet...
    http://www.canoe.ca/NewsStand/Columnists/Winnipeg/Tom_Brodbeck/2005/06/12/1082910.html

Time to Stop Honouring Monsters of the Past
...there be granted to be paid out of the public treasury to any company, party or person... who shall voluntarily, and at their own cost... go out and kill a male Indian of the age of 12 or upwards... for as long as the war shall continue... and produce his scalp in evidence of his death, the sum of £100 in bills of credit of this Province of New England; and £105 for any male... who shall be taken captive;... and... £50... for women, and for children under the age of 12... killed... and £55...(for those) taken prisoner, together with plunder... A party of Gorham's rangers one day brought in 25 scalps, claiming the bounty of £10 per scalp.  It was strongly suspected that not all of the scalps were those of Indians, but included some Acadians too.  The paymaster protested the payment, but was ordered to pay £250 anyway...
    http://www.danielnpaul.com/Col/1998/TimeToStopHonouringMonstersOfPast.html

The Chijekwtook River – Why Not? by Ed Coleman, 24 September 2004
...The Mi'kmaq name for the Cornwallis River (in Kings County, Nova Scotia), which Dr. Watson Kirkconnell says was Chijekwtook, meaning deep, narrow river...
    http://www3.ns.sympatico.ca/ecoleman/editorial/2004/e04sep24.html

Edward Cornwallis – The Evidence Against Him by Ed Coleman, 1 October 2004
...Cornwallis issued a proclamation on October 2, 1749, authorizing and commanding "all Officers Civil and Military, and all His Majesty's Subjects or others to annoy, distress, take or destroy the Savage commonly called Micmac, wherever they are found, and all as such as aiding and assisting them, give further by and with the consent and advice of His Majesty's Council, do promise a reward of ten Guineas for every Indian Micmac taken or killed, to be paid upon producing such Savage taken or his scalp if killed to the Officer Commanding at Halifax, Annapolis Royal, or Minas."
    http://www3.ns.sympatico.ca/ecoleman/editorial/2004/e04oct01.html

Edward Cornwallis – The Evidence Against Him
    http://forum.oakislandtreasure.co.uk/viewtopic.php?t=649

Gorham of Gorham's Rangers – Some Glimpses by Ed Coleman, 5 November 2004
Does anyone recall the controversy that arose six years ago when a proposal was made to name a road between Bedford and Sackville the Capt. John Gorham Boulevard?...
    http://www3.ns.sympatico.ca/ecoleman/editorial/2004/e04nov05.html

The John Gorham Controversy
A collection of 45 "clippings" about the John Gorham Boulevard controversy from Nova Scotia newspapers, January - February, 1998...
    http://alts.net/ns1625/gorhamj.html

Time to end 250 years of sorrow for Mi'kmaq
...On October 1, 1749, Governor Edward Cornwallis met with his Council aboard HMS Beaufort, a British warship anchored in Chebucto Harbour, Halifax, to set strategy to conduct their war with the Mi'kmaq Nation.  Among those council members present were a future governor, Charles Lawrence (Acadian Expulsion), and Captain John Gorham (bounty hunter).  The plan adopted by the council was to mount an attempt to exterminate the Mi'kmaq.  Thus, bounty hunters and anyone else interested in making extra money were offered £10 per Mi'kmaq scalp.  The bounty was increased by council on June 21, 1750, to £50.  Contemporary records indicate that the hunt was bountiful and that possibly thousands of Mi'kmaqs were killed before the bounty was revoked by Cornwallis on July 17, 1752...
    http://www.danielnpaul.com/Col/1999/TimeToEnd250YearsOfSorrowForMi'kmaq.html


Site #1:   Treaty Denial 1779-1982 by Simon Osmond
    http://www.shunpiking.com/mikmaq/FYI-trea-din-2003.htm
Site #2:   Treaty Denial 1779-1982 by Simon Osmond
    http://www.cpcml.ca/tmld/D33129.htm#6

Confronting Canada's Colonial Legacy
...Colonialism depends on a constructed, instrumental racism for its moral legitimation. Incommensurability between colonizer and colonized is invoked to demonstrate the superior nature of the colonizer and the inevitability of the new order... Justifications are created: the "natives" are lazy, simple, wild, inept, lascivious or immoral... They are the repository of vice and fault, contrasted with the rectitude and competence of colonial society... The denial of Canada's origins in colonial enterprises prevents scholars and legislators from grappling with the consequences of that initial relationship. This denial takes the form of legal acrobatics by the judiciary to deny treaty status to "Indian" treaties... to deny sovereignty in historically sovereign Aboriginal nations, and so to deny contemporary Aboriginal claims... Settled colonies were regarded as extensions of Britain in the sense that British subjects took their rights under the common law with them when they moved to the colonies... The inhabitants of conquered colonies, on the other hand, had no such rights...
    http://sisis.nativeweb.org/clark/detente.html

Historians and Indians
Until quite recently, the concept of race has run through all histories of North American Indians.  Invariably, scholars have portrayed Indians as inherently inferior to Europeans.  This perceived inferiority is sometimes ascribed to divine predestination, sometimes to a lack of the capacity to learn the arts of civilization, sometimes to an inability to live in the presence of civilized Europeans... Throughout this conceptual change, the idea persisted that Indians were savage creatures of the wilderness, in contrast and antagonism to the "civil" society of Europeans... One can trace the abolition of Indian humanity back to Captain John Smith and the Reverend Samuel Purchas, whose seventeenth-century propaganda in behalf of the Virginia Company has been enormously influential among historians.  Smith denounced the Chesapeake Powhatans as "cruel beasts" with "a more unnaturall brutishness than beasts."  His comparison with predatory animals remains to the present day a favorite device to dehumanize Indians... One can also trace these concepts to Massachusetts's colonial governor John Winthrop, Sr... Winthrop believed that divine providence must be presented "according to truth with due weight," and he achieved due weight by omission of sources reflecting Indian understandings... Lewis Henry Morgan, often called the founder of American anthropology, thought that Indians were so passionately devoted to "the hunter life" that "the red race has never risen, or can rise above its present level."  Nature had created Europeans as "the highest type of mankind," which has "proved its intrinsic superiority by gradually assuming the control of the earth..."
    http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/naind/html/na_015300_historiansan.htm

Convention Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries
27 June 1989, Adopted by the General Conference
Article 3   §1.  Indigenous and tribal peoples shall enjoy the full measure of human rights and fundamental freedoms without hindrance or discrimination...
    http://fletcher.tufts.edu/multi/texts/bh944.txt

Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples via University of Saskatchewan
Article 1.   Indigenous peoples have the right to the full and effective enjoyment of all of the human rights and fundamental freedoms which are recognized in the Charter of the United Nations and in the human rights law...
    http://www.usask.ca/nativelaw/ddir.html

Universal Declaration of Human Rights United Nations General Assembly, December 1948
Article 1:  All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood...
    http://fletcher.tufts.edu/multi/texts/UNGARES217A.txt

Who Has Treaty Rights?
...Aboriginal Rights were not lost through "conquest" in the Maritimes, and no treaties specifically ceded lands to the Crown.  The wording of some treaties, however, recognized "settlements already made or lawfully to be made" and this seems to indicate that lands actually occupied by settlers were understood by the Indians to have been ceded.  All other lands were to be acquired "lawfully" from the Indians.  The only settlements "already made" at the time of the Proclamation of 1763 were Annapolis Royal, Canso, and Halifax...
    http://www.yvwiiusdinvnohii.net/Articles2000/Maqtewekpaqtism001103treatyrights.htm
The statement: "The only settlements 'already made' at the time of the
Proclamation of 1763 were Annapolis Royal, Canso, and Halifax..."
– which seems to have come from a Maritime Provinces school textbook
published in the mid-1990s – is wildly inaccurate.

Lunenburg was settled in 1753 (ten years before 1763), Mahone Bay
and Riverport in 1754 (nine years before) and Chester in 1759
(four years before 1763).

In addition to these, by 1763 there were well-established settlements
at Liverpool, Cornwallis (Greenwich), Horton, Newport, Falmouth, Truro,
and at least a dozen other locations in Nova Scotia.


Confederated Native Court Judgement and Reasons 1997
...In the Anglo-American legal tradition which applies in North America, in 1215 Magna Carta settled that no person is above the law, not even the king, and therefore none other. Judges are "persons" for this purpose. And just because theirs is the function of interpreting the law, judges are not placed above the law. They can not change the law simply by making it conform to their sentimental inclinations... The said Indians...are by no means to be deprived of their liberty or the possession of their property...; and that they may and should, freely and legitimately, enjoy their liberty and possession of their property...
    http://sisis.nativeweb.org/sov/confjudg.html

The Battle for Aboriginal Treaty Rights CBC
It's a battle over the land and its resources. The fight has taken place on the land, in the courts and in the media. When government and native groups signed treaty agreements over a century ago, neither side imagined the repercussions. Canada's native people say treaties have been ignored...
    http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-73-1238/politics_economy/aboriginal_treaty_rights/

The Struggle for Aboriginal Rights and Rule of Law Toronto, 1999
    http://www.shunpiking.com/mikmaq/abo-right-tmlw-1999.htm

The Extension of the Common Law to Settled, Ceded and Conquered Territories, and the Survival of Indigenous Laws...
Law in History Australia and New Zealand Law and History Society Conference
The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand, 6th-8th July 2001 —
In classical international law, there were fives modes of acquisition of territory. These were:
  • the occupation of terra nullius (uninhabited territory)
  • prescription (effective control over inhabited territory)
  • cession
  • accretion (the acquisition of title over new land), and
  • subjugation or conquest.
All were based on Roman law principles, and were often difficult to apply in practice.  The common law, and British practice, generally mirrored the international law... In the nineteenth century all British colonies were generally classified as either settled colonies (title by occupation), or conquered or ceded colonies.  Accretion was exceptional, as was prescription... Colonies ceded by a civilised state retained their own private law, but public law was created by the Crown.  Gibraltar was acquired 1713, and English laws were introduced by letters patent 1721.  Spanish law was retained in Minorca.  Nova Scotia was ceded by France 1713, but it had been long settled by British settlers.  Almost invariably the acquisition of the territories of indigenous peoples was obtained by cession, accompanied by treaties in which the inhabitants' entitlement to the continued occupation of the territory was declared.  This practice implies, by definition, that the territorial sovereignty and/or property rights of the inhabitants was recognised...
    http://www.geocities.com/noelcox/Extension.htm

Mustard Gas in the Bras d'Or Lakes
    http://www.shunpiking.com/ol0109/mustard.htm

List of Nova Scotia First Nation Communities The registered Indian population of Nova Scotia was 10,599 as of December 31, 1995...
    http://www.uccb.ns.ca/mikmaq/reserves.html

Court Decisions, Indians in Nova Scotia

Rex v. Heisler
Indian Lands – Gold River Reserve in Lunenburg County
Nova Scotia Supreme Court, 27 August 1913

Re Indian Reserve, City of Sydney, N.S.
"...the undersigned has the honour to report he finds it expedient, having regard to the interest of the public and of the Indians located on the small Sydney Reserve, that the said Indians should be removed... to another place outside the limits of the city of Sydney... They would be there away from the liquor shops and the undesirable foreigners settled at the Coke Ovens, where they often get liquor – always a source of trouble to them..."
Exchequer Court of Canada,16 March 1916

R. v. Syliboy
Indians – Cape Breton – Treaty of 1752 – Scope and effect
The Treaty of 1752 made between Governor Hopson and certain of the Mick Mack Indians of Nova Scotia, was not in reality a treaty... The Indians' rights of sovereignty, even of ownership, were never recognized. Nova Scotia had passed to Great Britain not by gift or purchase from or even by conquest of the Indians but by treaty with France, which had acquired it by priority of discovery and ancient possession; and the Indians passed with it...
Nova Scotia County Court, 10 September 1928

Afton Band of Indians v. Attorney General of Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia Supreme Court Trial Division, 22 February 1978


History of Nova Scotia
with special attention given to Communications and Transportation
  1. Go To: History of Nova Scotia, Before 31 December 1699
  2. Go To: History of Nova Scotia, Jan 1700 to Dec 1769
  3. Go To: History of Nova Scotia, Jan 1770 to Dec 1775
  4. Go To: History of Nova Scotia, 1776 Jan to Dec
  5. Go To: History of Nova Scotia, Jan 1777 to Dec 1779
  6. Go To: History of Nova Scotia, Jan 1780 to Dec 1819
  7. Go To: History of Nova Scotia, Jan 1820 to Dec 1839
  8. Go To: History of Nova Scotia, Jan 1840 to Dec 1849
  9. Go To: History of Nova Scotia, Jan 1850 to Dec 1859
  10. Go To: History of Nova Scotia, Jan 1860 to Dec 1869
  11. Go To: History of Nova Scotia, Jan 1870 to Dec 1879
  12. Go To: History of Nova Scotia, Jan 1880 to Dec 1889
  13. Go To: History of Nova Scotia, Jan 1890 to Dec 1893
  14. Go To: History of Nova Scotia, Jan 1894 to Dec 1899
  15. Go To: History of Nova Scotia, Jan 1900 to Dec 1904
  16. Go To: History of Nova Scotia, Jan 1905 to Dec 1909
  17. Go To: History of Nova Scotia, Jan 1910 to Dec 1919
  18. Go To: History of Nova Scotia, Jan 1920 to Dec 1939
  19. Go To: History of Nova Scotia, Jan 1940 to Dec 1949
  20. Go To: History of Nova Scotia, Jan 1950 to Dec 1959
  21. Go To: History of Nova Scotia, Jan 1960 to Dec 1969
  22. Go To: History of Nova Scotia, Jan 1970 to Dec 1979
  23. Go To: History of Nova Scotia, Jan 1980 to Dec 1989
  24. Go To: History of Nova Scotia, Jan 1990 to Dec 1993

Local Government
in Nova Scotia

Counties, Towns, Villages,
Municipalities

Municipal Government in Nova Scotia

(1): Municipal Government in Nova Scotia
Local Government in Nova Scotia was originally based on the sessional system in England. For many years following the election of the first General Assembly in 1758, Crown-appointed magistrates met in the counties in courts of sessions to administer local matters ... Elected local government was introduced in 1841 with the incorporation of Halifax, followed over the next 37 years with the incorporation of five towns. Then in 1879, twenty-four rural municipalities were established under the County Incorporation Act, on the basis of existing sessional boundaries. Until 1994, these rural municipalities remained the basic units of local government outside incorporated towns and cities ... Over the years 45 towns have been incorporated, the last one in 1980. 0f these, two became cities and eventually were amalgamated into regional municipalities, eight others were amalgamated into regional municipalities and four have dissolved. In 2000, there were 31 incorporated towns and 22 incorporated villages in Nova Scotia...
    http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/info/history/MUNSTRUC.stm
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this document:
Municipal Government in Nova Scotia

Archived: 2001 July 24
http://web.archive.org/web/20010724163836/http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/info/history/MUNSTRUC.stm
Archived: 2002 March 11
http://web.archive.org/web/20020311101033/http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/info/history/MUNSTRUC.stm
Archived: 2002 October 21
http://web.archive.org/web/20021021020037/http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/info/history/MUNSTRUC.stm
Archived: 2003 April 06
http://web.archive.org/web/20030406084433/http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/info/history/MUNSTRUC.stm
Archived: 2003 August 12
http://web.archive.org/web/20030812223516/http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/info/history/MUNSTRUC.stm
Archived: 2004 February 19
http://web.archive.org/web/20040219122032/http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/info/history/MUNSTRUC.stm
Astonishingly, this history does not name the 45 towns
or the 22 villages which have formed such an important
part of local government in Nova Scotia.

(2): History of Municipal Government in Nova Scotia
    http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/info/history/originhist1.asp

History of County Boundaries in Nova Scotia

(1): History of County Boundaries in Nova Scotia
Annapolis County was established in August 1759 by Order in Council. In 1837 Annapolis County was divided into two distinct and separate counties – Annapolis and Digby...
    http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/info/history/HIST4.stm
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this document:
History of County Boundaries in Nova Scotia

Archived: 2001 April 20
http://web.archive.org/web/20010420050209/http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/info/history/HIST4.stm
Archived: 2001 August 03
http://web.archive.org/web/20010803014122/http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/info/history/HIST4.stm
Archived: 2002 February 11
http://web.archive.org/web/20020211135342/http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/info/history/HIST4.stm
Archived: 2002 August 03
http://web.archive.org/web/20020803025242/http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/info/history/HIST4.stm
Archived: 2003 April 06
http://web.archive.org/web/20030406081619/http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/info/history/HIST4.stm
Archived: 2003 October 17
http://web.archive.org/web/20031017102218/http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/info/history/HIST4.stm
Archived: 2004 January 10
http://web.archive.org/web/20040110151145/http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/info/history/HIST4.stm

(2): History of County Boundaries in Nova Scotia
    http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/info/pdf/HistoryCountyBourndariesNS.pdf

The County Incorporation Act of 1879

(1): The County Incorporation Act of 1879
..."The Inhabitants of every County and Sessional District in this Province ... shall be a body corporate under the name of the Municipality of the respective county or district, as the case may be..." Thus were established twenty-four rural municipalities, which have been governing most of Nova Scotia's territory since 1879. The boundaries of these 24 municipalities followed the boundaries of twelve counties and the twelve sessional districts in six divided counties. None of these boundaries had changed markedly after 1863 and most had been finalized many years earlier. None have been changed to any important extent since...
    http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/info/history/originHIST2.stm
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this document:
The County Incorporation Act of 1879

Archived: 2002 February 15
http://web.archive.org/web/20020215011119/http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/info/history/originHIST2.stm
Archived: 2002 October 21
http://web.archive.org/web/20021021015530/http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/info/history/originHIST2.stm
Archived: 2003 April 06
http://web.archive.org/web/20030406085241/http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/info/history/originHIST2.stm
Archived: 2003 December 07
http://web.archive.org/web/20031207005822/http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/info/history/originHIST2.stm
Archived: 2004 February 19
http://web.archive.org/web/20040219123356/http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/info/history/originHIST2.stm

(2): The County Incorporation Act of 1879
    ttp://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/info/pdf/CountyIncorporationAct.pdf

Establishment of Elective Rural Municipal Government

(1): The Establishment of Elective Rural Municipal Government in Nova Scotia
In April 1879, the County Incorporation Act became the law of Nova Scotia, establishing twenty-four rural municipalities. The new rural municipalities were run by elected councils, replacing the non-elected courts of sessions. Their powers embraced those of the sessions and of town meetings, and extended further primarily to roads, streets, and bridges.
    http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/info/history/originHIST3.stm
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this document:
The Establishment of Elective Rural Municipal Government
in Nova Scotia

Archived: 2001 May 22
http://web.archive.org/web/20010522171025/http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/info/history/originHIST3.stm
Archived: 2001 July 24
http://web.archive.org/web/20010724164516/http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/info/history/originHIST3.stm
Archived: 2002 March 08
http://web.archive.org/web/20020308075641/http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/info/history/originHIST3.stm
Archived: 2002 October 21
http://web.archive.org/web/20021021021117/http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/info/history/originHIST3.stm
Archived: 2003 April 06
http://web.archive.org/web/20030406212404/http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/info/history/originHIST3.stm
Archived: 2003 August 01
http://web.archive.org/web/20030801181006/http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/info/history/originHIST3.stm
Archived: 2004 February 19
http://web.archive.org/web/20040219124225/http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/info/history/originHIST3.stm

(2): The Establishment of Elective Rural Municipal Government in Nova Scotia
    http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/info/pdf/EstablishmentElectiveGovernment.pdf
Astonishingly, this history does not
name the 24 rural municipalities.


Rural Municipalities Date of
Incorporation		 Date of
 Dissolution 
Municipality of Annapolis County 1879 Apr 17
Municipality of Antigonish County 1879 Apr 17
Municipality of the District of Argyle
    (southeastern part of Yarmouth County)		 1879 Apr 17
Municipality of the District of Barrington
    (western part of Shelburne County)		 1879 Apr 17
Municipality of Cape Breton County 1879 Apr 17 1995 Aug 1
Municipality of the District of Chester
    (eastern part of Lunenburg County)		 1879 Apr 17
Municipality of the District of Clare
    (western part of Digby County)		 1879 Apr 17
Municipality of Colchester County 1879 Apr 17
Municipality of Cumberland County 1879 Apr 17
Municipality of the District of Digby
    (eastern part of Digby County)		 1879 Apr 17
Municipality of the District of Guysborough   1879 Apr 17
Municipality of Halifax County 1879 Apr 17 1996 Apr 1
Municipality of the District of Hants East
    (eastern part of Hants County)		 1879 Apr 17
Municipality of the District of Hants West
    (western part of Hants County)		 1879 Apr 17
Municipality of Inverness County 1879 Apr 17
Municipality of Kings County 1879 Apr 17
Municipality of the District of Lunenburg
    (western part of Lunenburg County)		 1879 Apr 17
Municipality of Pictou County 1879 Apr 17
Municipality of Queens County 1879 Apr 17 1996 Apr 1
Municipality of Richmond County 1879 Apr 17
Municipality of the District of Shelburne
    (eastern part of Shelburne County)		 1879 Apr 17
Municipality of the District of St. Mary's 1879 Apr 17
Municipality of Victoria County 1879 Apr 17
Municipality of the District of Yarmouth
    (northwestern part of Yarmouth County)		 1879 Apr 17
Note: The above are the 24 rural municipalities established by the County Incorporation Act of 1879.
The twelve named "Municipality of Example County" each occupy a whole county.
The twelve named "Municipality of the District of Example" are in a split county.


Regional Municipalities Date of
Incorporation
Cape Breton Regional Municipality 1995 Aug 1
Halifax Regional Municipality 1996 Apr 1
Region of Queens Municipality 1996 Apr 1


Towns Date of
Incorporation		 Date of
 Dissolution 
Town of Amherst 1889 Dec 18
Town of Annapolis Royal 1892 Nov 29
Town of Antigonish 1889 Jan 9
Town of Bedford 1980 1996 Apr 1
Town of Berwick 1923 May 25
Town of Bridgetown 1897 Sep 15
Town of Bridgewater 1899 Feb 13
Town of Canso 1901 May 14
Town of Chester 2002 ?
Town of Clark's Harbour 1919 Mar 4
Town of Dartmouth 1873 Apr 30 1961 Jun 27
Town of Digby 1890 Feb 28
Town of Dominion 1906 1995 Aug 1
Town of Glace Bay   1995 Aug 1
Town of Hantsport 1895 Apr 1
Town of Inverness    
Town of Kentville 1886 May 1
Town of Liverpool    
Town of Lockeport 1907 Feb 26
Town of Louisbourg   1995 Aug 1
Town of Lunenburg 1888 Oct 29
Town of Mahone Bay 1919 Mar 31
Town of Middleton 1909 May 31
Town of Mulgrave 1923 Dec 1
Town of New Glasgow 1875 May 6
Town of New Waterford   1995 Aug 1
Town of North Sydney 1885 Apr 24 1995 Aug 1
Town of Oxford 1904 Apr 19
Town of Parrsboro 1889 Jul 15
Town of Pictou 1874 May 4
Town of Port Hawkesbury  1889 Jan 22
Town of Shelburne 1907 Apr 4
Town of Springhill 1889 Mar 30
Town of Stellarton 1889 Oct 22
Town of Stewiacke 1906 Aug 30
Town of Sydney Mines   1995 Aug 1
Town of Trenton 1911 Mar 18
Town of Truro 1875 May 6
Town of Westville 1894 Aug 20
Town of Windsor 1878 Apr 4
Town of Wolfville 1893 Mar 4
Town of Yarmouth 1890 Aug 6
Note: The above are 40 of the 45 towns that have existed in Nova Scotia.
Over the years 45 towns have been incorporated in Nova Scotia. 0f these, two became cities and eventually were amalgamated into regional municipalities, eight others were amalgamated into regional municipalities and four have dissolved. In 2000, there were 31 incorporated towns in Nova Scotia.


Villages Date of
Incorporation		 Date of
 Dissolution 
Village of Aylesford  
Village of Baddeck  
Village of Bible Hill 1946
Village of Brooklyn  
Village of Canning  
Village of Chester  
Village of Cornwallis Square  
Village of Greenwood  
Village of Kingston  
Village of Lawrencetown  
Village of New Minas 1968 Sep 1
Village of Port Williams  
Village of Pugwash  
Village of River Hebert  
Village of St. Peter's  
Village of Sherbrooke  
Village of Tatamagouche  
Village of Wallace  
Note: The above are 18 of the villages that exist in Nova Scotia.
In 2000, there were 22 incorporated villages in Nova Scotia.


History of Nova Scotia Planning Acts Prior to 1969

(1): History of Nova Scotia Planning Acts Prior to 1969
The first provincial planning legislation adopted in Nova Scotia was the Town Planning Act of 1912... The 1915 Planning Act compelled each municipal unit to appoint a town planning board consisting of the mayor or warden, two councillors and at least two ratepayers. The boards were required to prepare a set of town planning by-laws within three years from the passing of the Act (that is, by 1918)...
    http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/plan/history.stm
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this document:
History of Nova Scotia Planning Acts Prior to 1969

Archived: 2002 March 06
http://web.archive.org/web/20020306021329/http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/plan/history.stm
Archived: 2002 August 10
http://web.archive.org/web/20020810173341/http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/plan/history.stm
Archived: 2003 April 02
http://web.archive.org/web/20030402222243/http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/plan/history.stm
Archived: 2003 October 17
http://web.archive.org/web/20031017103932/http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/plan/history.stm
Archived: 2004 February 19
http://web.archive.org/web/20040219125541/http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/plan/history.stm

(2): History of Nova Scotia Planning Acts Prior to 1969
    http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/plan/PDF/HistoryNSPlanningActsPrior1969.pdf

Local History
in Nova Scotia

History of Tancook Island
    http://www.tancook.ca/
History of the Tancook Ferry by the Big Tancook Elementary School
    http://bigtancook.ednet.ns.ca/ferry_history.htm

Hewitt Histories A series of 27 articles by H.E. Hewitt, published in the Dartmouth Patriot in 1901, about the history of Eastern Passage and vicinity, in Halifax County
    http://www.rootsweb.com/~nshalifa/HewittChapters.html

History of Inverness County, Nova Scotia by J. L. MacDougall, 1922
    http://www.electricscotland.com/canada/inverness/index.htm

History of Snyder's Shipyard Dayspring, Lunenburg County.  Snyder's Shipyard Limited is located on the beautiful east side of the LaHave River at Dayspring, 19km inland from the Atlantic Ocean.  The business was purchased in 1944 by Reginald (Teddy) Snyder and has remained a family business since then.  At the time the Shipyard was purchased, it was being operated under the name of Leary's and had been in operation since the mid 1800's....
    http://www.celticww.ns.ca/snyders/history.htm

Wooden Ships of River John, Nova Scotia
    http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/205/301/ic/cdc/vessels/Shipbuilding_in_River_john.htm

Chronological List of events at Pictou
    http://www.townofpictou.com/about/history2.html

1899-1925:   Shipping in the LaHave River, Bridgewater, Nova Scotia
May 1, 1899 - "In this book will be found a complete list of the vessels that were piloted in the LaHave River by us after this date..."
    http://www.tallships.ca/shipping/

May 8, 1899   Barquentine Addie Morrill 595 tons hailing from Boston. Captain King, from New York bound to Bridgewater to load lumber for Buenos Ayres. Anchored off Getsons Cove. Pilotage 7 dollars.

Yarmouth, Nova Scotia History Through Photos
    http://www.novascotia-cyberstores.com/oldpix/past.html
Ships & The Waterfront — Yarmouth more than 50 photos
    http://www.novascotia-cyberstores.com/oldpix/waterfront.html

Cape Forchu, Markland — Yarmouth, more than 20 photos
    http://www.novascotia-cyberstores.com/oldpix/cape.html
The Wayback Machine has an archived copy of:
Old Photographs, Cape Forchu, Markland — Yarmouth

Archived: 2001 April 14
http://web.archive.org/web/20010414220425/http://www.novascotia-cyberstores.com/oldpix/cape.html


Old-Time Buildings — Yarmouth more than 50 photos
    http://www.novascotia-cyberstores.com/oldpix/buildings.html

Argyle Township, 15 photos
    http://www.novascotia-cyberstores.com/oldpix/argyle.html
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of:
Argyle Township, Old Photographs
Provided By Argyle Township Court House & Archives

Archived: 2001 February 08
http://web.archive.org/web/20010208125450/http://www.novascotia-cyberstores.com/oldpix/argyle.html
Archived: 2001 October 16
http://web.archive.org/web/20011016181850/http://www.novascotia-cyberstores.com/oldpix/argyle.html
Archived: 2002 March 13
http://web.archive.org/web/20020313110348/http://www.novascotia-cyberstores.com/oldpix/argyle.html


Yarmouth Streets, more than 50 photos
    http://www.novascotia-cyberstores.com/oldpix/streets.html
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of:
Old Photographs, Yarmouth Streets

Archived: 2001 February 08
http://web.archive.org/web/20010208225514/http://www.novascotia-cyberstores.com/oldpix/streets.html
Archived: 2001 November 25
http://web.archive.org/web/20011125195222/http://www.novascotia-cyberstores.com/oldpix/streets.html
Archived: 2002 June 07
http://web.archive.org/web/20020607073935/http://www.novascotia-cyberstores.com/oldpix/streets.html


Halifax District, Nova Scotia Census, 1901
Bedford, Bedford Basin, Chezzetcook East & West
    http://www.ancestry.com/search/rectype/inddbs/5681.htm




Canadian Navy

HMCS Sackville — the Canadian Naval Memorial Trust
    http://www.hmcssackville-cnmt.ns.ca/

Monthly Chronology of Canadian Naval History
    http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/Quarters/6693/chronology.html

Canadian Navy of Yesterday and Today information about the ships and aircraft of Canada's navy, from its inception in 1910 until present day...
    http://www.hazegray.org/navhist/canada/
Canadian Navy Photo Archive 1
    http://www.hazegray.org/navhist/canada/photarch/
Canadian Navy Photo Archive 2
    http://www.hazegray.org/navhist/canada/photarch2/
Canadian Naval Aviation Photo Archive
    http://www.hazegray.org/navhist/canada/navyair/
Ships of the RCN, 1910 - 1965
    http://www.hazegray.org/navhist/canada/rcnships/
World War Two Canadian Ship Listing, 1931-1945
    http://www.hazegray.org/navhist/canada/ww2/
Postwar Canadian Ship Listing, 1945 - Present This list attempts to give an accurate and in-depth look at the ships that served with the postwar Canadian Navy. Designations are based on Canadian Navy Official designations...
    http://www.hazegray.org/navhist/canada/postwar/

Seasoned Sailors

Seasoned Sailors is an ongoing production of a series of short historical videos, each running less than an hour and focussing on one or another of Canada's gallant band of World War Two naval heroes... Doug Fisher, national journalist: "To a country and people short on appealing stories of our naval past, the series Seasoned Sailors is a blessing ... the RCN's Debbie Piers – a natural story teller. Listen to him, watch him and the magnitude of what our small ship men did for us comes rolling over you."
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this website:
Seasoned Sailors

Archived: 1997 April 17
http://web.archive.org/web/19970417010724/http://www.oldsalts.com/
Archived: 1998 April 21
http://web.archive.org/web/19980421065103/http://oldsalts.com/index.html
Archived: 1999 February 8
http://web.archive.org/web/19990208005645/http://oldsalts.com/
Archived: 2000 August 16
http://web.archive.org/web/20000816165029/http://www.oldsalts.com/
Archived: 2001 May 17
http://web.archive.org/web/20010517010452/http://www.oldsalts.com/
Archived: 2003 October 17
http://web.archive.org/web/20031017054224/www3.sympatico.ca/polpubs/


A Starshell Video Review – Seasoned Sailors: Dick Leir
Guest of the Emperor...
    http://www.naval.ca/article/german/Seasoned_Sailors-Leir.html

Submarines

Submarines of the RCN The RCN's involvement with subs originated on the eve of World War One, when the Premier of British Columbia purchased two submarines. They were built in Seattle, and intended for the Chilean Navy, but were sold to British Columbia when Chili defaulted...
    http://www.hazegray.org/navhist/canada/rcnships/submarin/

Uboats in the Royal Canadian Navy At the end of the Second World War, a couple of German U-boats surrendered to the Royal Canadian Navy. U190 and U889 surrendered on May 12th and 13th, 1945, respectively. These large IXC/40 type submarines were commissioned into the RCN, and were used for testing and evaluation...
    http://www.hazegray.org/navhist/canada/uboats/

U-Boats After World War Two
U-190 surrendered at Halifax, U-889 surrendered at Shelburne...
They were known as unterseebootes, or U-boats...
    http://uboat.net/


Submarine Association of Canada (Eastern Branch)
    http://www.saoceast.com/
SAOC (Eastern Branch) — formerly Submarine Old Comrades Association
    http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/~ac121/soca/soca1.html

Radio in the Canadian Navy

Radio Communications in the RCN by Jerry Proc
A remarkably detailed and informative description of radio communications in the Canadian Navy in the 1940s - 1960s.
    http://www.jproc.ca/rrp/

Naval Radio Station Albro Lake Dartmouth, Nova Scotia
Receiving site at Albro Lake and a transmitter site at Newport Corner
    http://www.jproc.ca/rrp/albro_lake.html

Canadian Forces Station Mill Cove Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia
    http://www.jproc.ca/rrp/mc_mill_cove.html



Broadcast Radio

History of CKDH-AM Radio Amherst
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/
        radio/histories.php?id=665&historyID=471

History of CJFX-AM Radio Antigonish [St. Francis Xavier Univ.]
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/
        radio/histories.php?id=665&historyID=470

History of CKBW-AM Radio Bridgewater [BridgeWater]
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/
        radio/histories.php?id=665&historyID=469

History of CFAB-AM Radio Windsor [Avard Bishop]
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/
        radio/histories.php?id=665&historyID=492

History of CKWM-FM Kentville
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/
        radio/histories.php?id=661&historyID=483

History of CKDY-AM Radio Digby [DigbY]
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/
        radio/histories.php?id=665&historyID=468

History of CHNS-AM Radio Halifax [Halifax Nova Scotia]
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/
        radio/histories.php?id=665&historyID=264

History of CHFX-FM Radio Halifax (CHNS-FM before 9 February 1970)
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/
        radio/histories.php?id=663&historyID=263

History of CBH-AM Radio Halifax (1944-1989)
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/
        radio/histories.php?id=659&historyID=475

The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this document:
History of CBH-AM Radio Station, Halifax

Archived: 2000 August 17
http://web.archive.org/web/20000817012119/http://www.rcc.ryerson.ca/ccf/
        CCF_Listings_and_Histories/Radio/Ns/Former_Nova_Scotia/Former_CBH_Halifax_History.html
Archived: 2001 April 18
http://web.archive.org/web/20010418053428/http://www.rcc.ryerson.ca/ccf/
        CCF_Listings_and_Histories/Radio/Ns/Former_Nova_Scotia/Former_CBH_Halifax_History.html
Archived: 2002 August 05
http://web.archive.org/web/20020805203851/http://www.rcc.ryerson.ca/ccf/
        CCF_Listings_and_Histories/Radio/Ns/Former_Nova_Scotia/Former_CBH_Halifax_History.html
Archived: 2003 July 14
http://web.archive.org/web/20030714165919/http://www.rcc.ryerson.ca/ccf/
        CCF_Listings_and_Histories/Radio/Ns/Former_Nova_Scotia/Former_CBH_Halifax_History.html


History of CBHA-FM (CBC Radio Two) Halifax
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/
        radio/histories.php?id=659&historyID=475

Timeline: CBH-FM (CBC Radio Two) Halifax
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/
        radio/histories.php?id=658&historyID=478

History of CFRQ-FM Radio Halifax
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/
        radio/histories.php?id=662&historyID=477

History of CKDU-FM Halifax [Dalhousie University]
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/
        radio/histories.php?id=669&historyID=480

History of CFDR-AM Dartmouth [DaRtmouth]
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/
        radio/histories.php?id=661&historyID=476

History of CJCH-AM Radio Halifax
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/
        radio/histories.php?id=665&historyID=265

History of CIEZ-FM Halifax
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/
        radio/histories.php?id=661&historyID=479

History of CIOO-FM Halifax
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/
        radio/histories.php?id=661&historyID=481

History of CKEN-AM Kentville [KENtville]
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/
        radio/histories.php?id=661&historyID=483

History of CKAD-AM Middleton
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/
        radio/histories.php?id=661&historyID=484

History of CKEC-AM New Glasgow
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/
        radio/histories.php?id=661&historyID=485

History of CIGO-AM Port Hawkesbury
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/
        radio/histories.php?id=661&historyID=486

History of CJCB-AM Sydney [Cape Breton]
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/
        radio/histories.php?id=661&historyID=266

History of CJCB-FM   CKPE-FM Sydney
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/
        radio/histories.php?id=661&historyID=491

History of CHER-AM Sydney
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/
        radio/histories.php?id=661&historyID=490

History of CBI-AM Sydney [Cape Breton Island]
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/
        radio/histories.php?id=661&historyID=488

History of CBI-FM Sydney [Cape Breton Island]
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/
        radio/histories.php?id=661&historyID=489

History of CKCL-FM   CKTY-FM Truro
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/
        radio/histories.php?id=661&historyID=494

History of CKCL-AM   CKCL-FM   CKTO-FM   CKTY-FM Truro
CKCL-AM began operation in 1947; it left the air forever on 12 May 2001.
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/
        radio/histories.php?id=661&historyID=493

History of CJLS-AM   CJLS-FM Yarmouth
CJLS-AM began operation on 1 April 1934; it ceased operation in June 2003.
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/
        radio/histories.php?id=661&historyID=487

CNRH Canadian National Railways Halifax (a "phantom" station)
Canadian National Railways used the CHNS facilities and staff to run Phantom Station CNRH until they closed down their network in 1931...
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/
        radio/histories.php?id=665&historyID=264
CNRH "Phantom" radio station CNRH (Canadian National Railway Halifax)
A Phantom Radio Station was one which did not possess any technical facilities and was licensed to broadcast only over an existing physical station. The phantom's licensee's assigned station call was used only during the period of time where the facilities of the physical station were leased.  The physical station ostensibly 'signed off' and the call letters of the phantom station were announced and possibly used throughout the period.  At the conclusion of the leased time, the phantom 'signed off' and the physical station 'signed on' again... The Phantom stations disappeared in the early 1930s...
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/stations/radio/Phantom_Stations.html

Call Letters of Canadian Radio Stations
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/stations/radio/Call_Letters_Radio.html
CBH Halifax
CBA Atlantic
CBM Montreal
CBO Ottawa
CBT Toronto
CBW Winnipeg
CBE Edmonton
CBV Vancouver

History of CBHT
The early days of CBC Television in Halifax. Do you remember the days of Don Tremaine, Max Ferguson and Rube Hornstein? They're here, along with Don Messer and Marg Osbourne and Charlie Chamberlain, and a young whippersnapper named Frank Cameron, and others...
    http://www.halifax.cbc.ca/cbhtHistory/
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this document:
The History of CBHT

Archived: 1998 June 29
http://web.archive.org/web/19980629071857/http://www.halifax.cbc.ca/cbhtHistory/
Archived: 1999 October 1
http://web.archive.org/web/19991001203340/www.halifax.cbc.ca/cbhtHistory/50.html
Archived: 2000 August 17
http://web.archive.org/web/20000817012117/www.halifax.cbc.ca/cbhtHistory/
Archived: 2000 August 26
http://web.archive.org/web/20000826230131/www.halifax.cbc.ca/cbhtHistory/50.html
Archived: 2001 May 28
http://web.archive.org/web/20010528204307/www.halifax.cbc.ca/cbhtHistory/
Archived: 2001 August 4
http://web.archive.org/web/20010804052959/www.halifax.cbc.ca/cbhtHistory/60.html
Archived: 2002 February 13
http://web.archive.org/web/20020213180948/http://www.halifax.cbc.ca/cbhtHistory/60.html


History of CBHFT (French television) Halifax
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/
        television/histories.php?id=133&historyID=86
CBHFT Halifax
CBHFT-1 Yarmouth
CBHFT-2 Mulgrave
CBHFT-3 Sydney
CBHFT-4 Cheticamp
CBHFT-5 Middleton
CBHFT-6 Digby
CBHFT-7 New Glasgow
CBHFT-8 Weymouth

Prominent People
in Nova Scotia Radio

Willard Bishop
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/personalities/personalities.php?id=268

William Borrett
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/personalities/personalities.php?id=263

Arleigh Canning

Mike Duffy
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/personalities/personalities.php?id=203

Max Ferguson
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/personalities/personalities.php?id=49

John Fisher
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/personalities/personalities.php?id=47

Danny Galivan
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/personalities/personalities.php?id=200

Arthur Grieg
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/personalities/personalities.php?id=188

Jerry Lawrence
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/personalities/personalities.php?id=157

Finlay MacDonald
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/personalities/personalities.php?id=147

Jamie MacLeod
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/personalities/personalities.php?id=142

Arthur Manning
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/personalities/personalities.php?id=139

Guglielmo Marconi
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/personalities/personalities.php?id=137

Don Messer

Marven Nathanson
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/personalities/personalities.php?id=117

Nate Nathanson
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/personalities/personalities.php?id=116

Clyde Nunn

Arnie Patterson

Sir Henry Thornton
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/personalities/personalities.php?id=35

Don Tremaine

Austin Willis
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/personalities/personalities.php?id=29

J. Frank Willis
    http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/personalities/personalities.php?id=30

CBC Archvive
CBC Pensioners Association, Maritimes

We're into the sales business helping to promote and sell an audio cassette featuring the highlights of sixty years of CBC radio broadcasting in the Maritimes.  It features the best audio clips available from the CBC Archives in Halifax.  Ern Dick, former national CBC Archivist, started by calling together a group of retired CBC radio programmers to make suggestions for suitable material.  Then researchers sifted through the Archives to find the clips.

The program is in the form of a documentary, voiced by Don Tremaine, and covers a period from 1936 to 1997.  The highlights include:
    • The Moose River Mine cave-in coverage with J. Frank Willis.
    • A selection from the Gillans, a fictional Maritime Farm Family.
    • Incident at Capstan Cove, a drama.
    • Harmony Harbour, celebrating the seafaring traditions of the Maritimes.
    • Don Messer and his Islanders.
    • Rawhide, featuring the wit and many voices of Max Ferguson.
    • Bill of Fare with J. Frank Willis.
    • It also includes clips from AM Chronicle, Atlantic Airwaves, Information Morning, the Maritime Gardener and other shows.

The cassettes are being sold at various craft fairs throughout the region. They are also being placed in book and record stores around the Maritimes. They are being promoted on CBC radio shows and we have advertised them on our home page...
Source: CBC Pensioners Association, Maritimes
    http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/Culture/CBCPensioners/fall1998.html


Developing a new tree-ring network in Nova Scotia...
...Over four hundred spruce and pine timbers have been collected from twelve historic buildings in Nova Scotia...Our analysis has developed a composite spruce-hemlock record for central Nova Scotia spanning 410 years (AD 1572 to 1982).
    http://cgrg.geog.uvic.ca/abstracts/RuffmanDevelopingIn.html

John Parr, Governor of Nova Scotia 1782-1791
    http://www.blupete.com/Hist/BiosNS/1764-00/Parr.htm

Pier 21 The Pier 21 Society has been created to revitalize Pier 21 as a permanent testament, designed to celebrate the profound contributions of immigrant Canadians. Pier 21 will do for Canada and Canadians what Ellis Island has done for the United States. It will be a national and international centre whose purpose is to explore the Canadian immigration experience. ...

Guglielmo Marconi

The radio stations at Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, and Poldhu, England, worked together to carry messages both ways — eastward and westward — across the North Atlantic Ocean.  Messages sent from Glace Bay were received at Poldhu, and messages sent from Poldhu were received at Glace Bay.  Both stations were connected by land lines (telegraph circuits consisting of wires carried on insulators at the top of wooden poles) to inland points

Glace Bay was connected to the North American telegraph network which reached all railway stations on the continent and almost all communities larger than mere villages; and Poldhu was connected to the large telegraph network in Great Britain, Europe, Asia, and Africa.  Anyone who wanted to send a telegram, say, from/to Toronto or New York or San Francisco to/from London or Paris or Berlin or Athens or Moscow, could do so quickly and conveniently, with the jump across the Atlantic Ocean being performed by Marconi's radio system between Nova Scotia and England.

Marconi Wireless Telegraph in Nova Scotia
    http://ns1763.ca/radio30/marconi-novascotia.html

Timeline of the First Thirty Years of Radio
    http://ns1763.ca/radio30/radio-first-30yrs.html

The 1901 Transatlantic Radio Experiment Marconi in Newfoundland
    http://www3.ns.sympatico.ca/henry.bradford/marconi-newf.html

Fessenden and Marconi: Their Differing Technologies and Transatlantic Experiments During the First Decade of the Twentieth Century
    http://www.ieee.ca/millennium/radio/radio_differences.html
...Marconi kept building larger antenna systems, larger since he was striving for greater transmission distance and improved signal reception, which lowered the operating frequency. At Poldhu the frequency of his station in October 1902 was 272 kHz. His initial station at Table Head, Glace Bay, NS in December 1902 was a massive structure comprising 400 wires suspended from four 61 metre wooden towers, with down leads brought together in an inverted cone at the point of entry into the building. The frequency was 182 kHz. By 1904 his English antenna had become a pyramidal monopole with umbrella wires, and the frequency was 70 kHz. In 1905 his Canadian antenna, moved to Marconi Towers, Glace Bay was a capacitive top-loaded structure, with 200 horizontal radial wires each 305 metres long, at a height of 55 metres, and the frequency was 82 kHz. By late in 1907 he was using a frequency of 45 kHz...

Celebrating the Centenary of the First Transatlantic Wireless Signal 1901-2001
    http://marconi.com/Home/about_us/Our%20History/Marconi%20Heritage/
        Celebrating%20the%20Centenary%20of%20the%20First%20Transatlantic
        %20Wireless%20Signal%201901-2001

Marconi, Guglielmo, Marchese (1874-1937)
    http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/marconi.htm

Marconi Betrayed
The formation of Cable & Wireless

In 1925-26, the advent of the very successful Marconi-Franklin short-wave beam system shook the all powerful cable companies to their core.  The new technology, which concentrated the signal in a "beam" instead of scattering it in all directions, was a winner.  (Think of a flashlight projecting a beam of light, compared to a candle which spreads light in all directions.)

The wireless beam utilised a fraction of the power and was much less prone to interference, and transmissions could be sent at three times the speed, using a fiftieth of the power, and at a twentieth of the cost.  This did not just put wireless on a par with cable, but well ahead of it.

The original wireless beams were tested at 300 words per minute and often worked at 200, which was a higher speed than possible on any Commonwealth cable system at the time.  There was a rush to build beam stations across the world, and the whole of the short-wave Imperial Chain came into operation between October 1926 and September 1927.

By the end of 1927, the Chairman of Eastern Telegraph appealed to the British Government, the owner and operator of the radio beam service which threatened to put them out of business, to save them from total collapse.  On 28 December 1927, the chairman of the Marconi Company met with the chairman of Eastern Telegraph at dinner in the house of a mutual friend.  Here they agreed to negotiate a merger of the Marconi Company with the cable companies.

On 10 January 1928 the two companies issued a joint statement of intent and by 14 March the details of the merging of the companies had been worked out.  The deal gave the cable shareholders 56.25% of the shares of the new company, Cable and Wireless Limited, while Marconi shareholders got only 43.75% — which gave the cable shareholders complete control.  Marconi had been totally betrayed by those he trusted.

After years of toil in pioneering work and finally hitting the jackpot, Marconi had been sold out by those that had fed on his genius and efforts...

Cable & Wireless PLC website
    http://www.cwplc.com/
In 2000, Cable & Wireless is a major global telecommunications business with revenue of over £9,000,000,000 (US$14,000,000,000) in the twelve months April 1999 to March 2000, and customers in 70 countries.  Its operations around the world offer a full range of telecommunications services.  Cable & Wireless' focus for future growth is on IP (internet protocol) and data services and solutions for business customers.  It is developing advanced IP networks and value-added services in the United States, Europe and the Asia-Pacific region in support of this strategy...


The Cable & Wireless family tree
    http://www.cwhistory.com/history/html/CWFamTree.html
Names of the most important companies which eventually were merged to form Cable & Wireless


Halifax and Bermudas Telegraph Company
    http://www.cwhistory.com/history/html/HALBERTCO.html
In 1889 the British Government decided to go ahead with the project and link the naval base at Nova Scotia with the British Naval harbour at Hamilton, Bermuda.  The Halifax & Bermudas Telegraph Company was established to carry out the work...

The End of the Cable Monopoly
    http://www.cwhistory.com/history/html/EmergRad.html
In the early years of the 20th century, telegraph cables had a monopoly on long distance communications. However, the seeds of competition began to emerge in 1907 when the Italian Marchese Guglielmo Marconi established a wireless telegraph service between Clifden in Ireland and Glace Bay in Canada...

The Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company
    http://www.cwhistory.com/history/html/MarconiWT.html
In 1909, Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company began operation of his first trans-atlantic radio telegraph service. In 1910 he conceived a plan to link the whole British Empire by radio...



Coal Mining

History of Coal Mining in Nova Scotia
The Louis Frost Notes, 1685 - 1962.  A previously unpublished internal document of the Dominion Coal Company, written c. 1962.  A long document, with a lot of details...
    http://www.mininghistory.ns.ca/lfrost/lfintro.htm

A Great Treasure: The Geology and History of Coal in Nova Scotia
by J. H. Calder, K. S. Gillis, R. D. Naylor, and N. Watkins Campbell
    http://www.gov.ns.ca/natr/meb/ic/ic25.htm
A Brief History of Coal Mining in Nova Scotia
    http://www.gov.ns.ca/natr/meb/ic/ic25.htm#21

Introduction: History of Coal Mining in Nova Scotia by Gary Ellerbrok
    http://www.mininghistory.ns.ca/intro.htm

Nova Scotia Department of Mines
Annual Report: 1871
Annual Report: 1872
Annual Report: 1873

Nova Scotia Department of Mines, Coal Statistics
Inspector of Mines Report, Coal, 1871
1871: Number of Persons Employed, Number of Horses, Engines, etc. at each Colliery
Coal Produced, January-June 1871 Total raised: 268,441 tons
Coal Produced, July-December 1871 Total raised: 404,901 tons
It is not known whether these are long tons or short tons.
    One short ton was/is 2000 pounds [905kg]
    One long ton was/is 2200 pounds [996kg]

Coal Companies operating in Cape Breton, 1917
The Coal-Fields and Coal Industry of Eastern Canada

Overview of the Development of Railways on the Sydney Coal Fields, 1720-Present by Robert Chant
    http://www.trainweb.org/canadianrailways/
        articles/SydneyCoalFields.html

History of Mining in Cape Breton
    http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/205/301/ic/cdc/coal/

Westray Coal Mine Disaster
    http://alts.net/ns1625/wraymenu.html

Mining in Nova Scotia, Past and Present, by Howard V. Donohoe, Jr.
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this document:
Mining in Nova Scotia, Past and Present
by Howard V. Donohoe, Jr.

Archived: 1998 May 9
http://web.archive.org/web/19980509084929/http://baytechinc.com/msns/nshoward.htm
Archived: 1998 December 2
http://web.archive.org/web/19981202213338/http://baytechinc.com/msns/nshoward.htm
Archived: 1999 April 29
http://web.archive.org/web/19990429113727/http://baytechinc.com/msns/nshoward.htm
Archived: 1999 October 7
http://web.archive.org/web/19991007081044/http://baytechinc.com/msns/nshoward.htm


History of the Mining Society of Nova Scotia
    http://www.msns.cim.org/page03.htm
The Wayback Machine has archived copies of this website:
History of the Mining Society of Nova Scotia

Archived: 1998 May 9
http://web.archive.org/web/19980509081247/http://baytechinc.com/msns/history.htm
Archived: 1998 December 1
http://web.archive.org/web/19981201034219/http://www.baytechinc.com/msns/history.htm
Archived: 1999 April 20
http://web.archive.org/web/19990420054346/http://baytechinc.com/msns/history.htm
Archived: 1999 October 18
http://web.archive.org/web/19991018232809/http://www.cbnet.ns.ca/cbnet/msns/history.html
Archived: 2000 June 18
http://web.archive.org/web/20000618005848/http://www.cbnet.ns.ca/cbnet/msns/history.html
Archived: 2001 February 8
http://web.archive.org/web/20010208124213/http://www.cbnet.ns.ca/cbnet/msns/history.html
Archived: 2002 June 12
http://web.archive.org/web/20020612101930/http://www.cbnet.ns.ca/cbnet/msns/history.html

Glossary of Coal Mining Terms by United States Department of Labor
from "Abandoned Areas" to "Yieldable"
    http://www.oalj.dol.gov/public/blalung/refrnc/bbba1.htm

Miners Memorials

Miners Memorial Database Gary W. Ellerbrok
Contains the names of 2,275 coal miners who were killed in or about the coal mines of Nova Scotia.  The database covers 101